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Psych101 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

learn dis shit hoe

1
Q

Transduction

A

Coverts external stimuli to electrical signals within neurons

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2
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The more frequently you sense something, the less intensely you sense it

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their past physical characteristics

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the lowest level of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

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5
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

the smallest amount of change in a stimuli we will notice ex. packaging changes cannot be too extreme otherwise people will not recognize the brand therefore not purchasing it

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

it is harder to detect stimulus if there is lots of background noise

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7
Q

Response bias

A

hits & misses in signal detection

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8
Q

Cross modal sense

A

Mixing up different sensory signals. McGurk effect, rubber hand illusion, synesthesia

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9
Q

Parallel processing

A

attending to multiple sense modalities simultaneously.

  • bottom up processing is when we construct a whole stimulus from its parts. Moves from visual cortex to association cortex.
  • top down processing is conceptually driven, processing influenced by our beliefs and expectations. Moves from association cortex to visual cortex.
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10
Q

Perceptual sets

A

our expectations influence our perceptions- context matters!

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11
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions like shape, size, and colour

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12
Q

Selective attention

A

focus on certain inputs while ignoring others

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13
Q

Cocktail party effect (selective attention)

A

we tend to pick out important info from a bunch of stimuli- our friend’s face in the crowd, our name amongst conversation

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14
Q

Inattentional bias (perceptual blindness)

A

failure to detect stimuli in plain sight when our attention is focused on something elseq

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15
Q

Change blindness (perceptual blindness)

A

Failure to detect a change in one’s environment. Relevant in aviation, driving

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16
Q

Subliminal processing

A

Processing many sensory inputs unconsciously. Just because we don’t consciously notice a certain stimuli does not mean that we will not react to it

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17
Q

Additive

A

mixing lights produces white light

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18
Q

Subtractive

A

mixing pigments produces black

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19
Q

Cornea

A

transparent cells that focus light on the back of the eye

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20
Q

Retina

A

thin membrane at the back of the eye

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21
Q

Rods (retina)

A

Allow us to see shapes and forms. Don’t require lots of light- think movie theatre dark adaptation

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22
Q

Cones (retina)

A

Responsible for colour vision and small details. Needs lots of light

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23
Q

Fovea

A

Responsible for visual acuity/focus

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24
Q

Optic nerve

A

contains ganglion cells that allow input to travel from the eye to the brain. Has a blind spot where the nerve connects to the retina

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25
Q

Feature detection

A

detecting lines and edges

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26
Q

Simple cells

A

orientation-specific slits of light in a particular location

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27
Q

Complex cells

A

orientation specific, yet less dependent on location

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28
Q

Gestalt theory

A

we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context- filling in the blanks

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29
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

the illusion of movement produced by successive flashing images - flipbooks

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30
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

our colour vision is based off of blue, green, and red

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31
Q

Opponent process theory

A

we perceive colour in terms of complementary pairs of colours

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32
Q

Depth perception

A

the ability to see spacial relations in 3D

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33
Q

Visual cliff

A

infants lack depth perception and therefore hesitate to crawl over glass elevated on the floor

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34
Q

Monocular cues

A

perceive three dimensions using one eye relying on visual cues like relative size and texture gradient

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35
Q

Binocular cues

A

depth cues require both eyes

36
Q

Disparity

A

Our eyes transmit different info for objects that are close to us, but things that are distant appear similar

37
Q

Convergence

A

focusing on near objects can make our eye muscle inwards to sense depth

38
Q

Motion blindess

A

inability to perceive seamless motion

39
Q

Visual agnosia

A

object recognition deficit

40
Q

Blindsight

A

above-chance visual performance of cortically blind people with damage to their primary visual cortex

41
Q

Consciousness

A
  • Our subjective experience of ourselves and the world around us.
  • Constantly changing awareness of thoughts, feelings, and sensations
  • blurred lines between sleeping and waking experiences
42
Q

Why sleep?

A
  • memory consolidation
  • cleaning out the brain
  • immune system strengthening
  • neural development
  • energy conservation
43
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Cyclical changes in our biological processes that occur on a 24 hour schedule- body temperature changes, melatonin release, difference in brain waves

44
Q

Biological clock

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus located in the hypothalamus is responsible for controlling levels of alertness

45
Q

Sleep deprivation leads to…

A

sleep debt, short term effects (depression, attention issues, hallucinations), long term issues (weight gain, diabetes, heart disease etc)

46
Q

Sleep stages

A

Kleitman & Dement 1957.

- we repeatedly pass through 5 stages of sleep at night, 90 minute cycle

47
Q

SLEEP CYCLE Drowsiness

A

nonREM, small waves, lucid dreaming

48
Q

SLEEP CYCLE asleep

A

EEG shows sudden high energy bursts, slower heart rate, relaxed muscles, most sleep is spent in this stage

49
Q

SLEEP CYCLE delta waves

A

less sleep spindles

50
Q

SLEEP CYCLE deep NREM

A

hard to wake, growth hormone released

51
Q

SLEEP CYCLE REM

A

brief return to stage 2 before dramatic shift into high gear, Increased heart rate, irregular breathing, dreams. Lasts ~20 minutes, increasing in length with each cycle

52
Q

REM rebound

A

When deprived of REM sleep, the next time we sleep we have a lot more REM sleep, often accompanied by intense dreams

53
Q

Why do we dream?

A
  • consolidating memories
  • integrating new experiences with past memories
  • learning new ways of doing things
  • coping with threatening events
54
Q

Freud’s dream protection theory

A

During sleep, the ego is less able to control impulses.

  • manifest content: content of dreams
  • latent content: deeper meaning to dream
55
Q

Activation synthesis dream theory

A

dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of randomly generated internal neural signs

56
Q

Neurocognitive perspective

A

dreams are a meaningful by-product of our development. Think about how children have simple dreams that become more complex with age

57
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, valium. Decrease CNS activity. Reduced fine and gross motor skills, high followed by sleepiness, lack of inhibitions, inability to create memory

58
Q

Barbiturates

A

Depressants, prescription sleep aids. Mimic the effects of alcohol and used for sleep aid and anxiety

59
Q

Stimulants

A

Cocaine, amphetamines. Immediate high followed by crash soon after. Euphoria, dopamine and serotonin release

60
Q

Opiates

A

Heroine, morphine. Mimic our endorphins. Long term abuse leads to stopped production of natural painkillers. Extreme withdrawal symptoms

61
Q

Psychedlics

A

Weed, acid. Heighten what one is already feeling. Not addictive. Blocks reabsorption leading to a long high.

62
Q

How to psychoactives work?

A

Alter production, storage, release, and reception of neurotransmitters

63
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • neural stimulus
  • unconditioned stimulus
  • unconditioned response
  • conditioned stimulus
  • conditioned response
64
Q

Learning

A

controlled by the consequences of behaviour

65
Q

Behavior

A

Shaped by reward/punishment

66
Q

Operants

A

behaviour used to attain something

67
Q

The law of effect

A

if we are rewarded for doing something, we are more likely to do it again

68
Q

BF Skinner

A

Pigeon guy

69
Q

POOC - Positive Reinforcement

A

presentation of a stimulus after a certain behaviour that increases the likelihood of said behaviour - giving a dog a treat after performing a trick

70
Q

POOC - Negative Reinforcement

A

Taking away a certain stimulus after desired behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour. Teenage son does not have to wash dishes if he studies for two hours

71
Q

POOC - Positive punishment

A

The addition of an undesirable outcome after unwanted behavior

72
Q

POOC - Negative punishment

A

Taking away a desired outcome after unwanted behaviour

73
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

74
Q

Extinction

A

when the operant response is gradually reduced after reinforcement is no longer present

75
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Stronger response in the presence of stimuli similar to the original stimulus

76
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Behaviour is reinforced every time, results in faster learning

77
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

behavior is reinforced only sometimes. harder to extinguish

78
Q

Fixed ratio reinforcement

A

reinforcements given after a regular number of responses

79
Q

Variable ratio reinforcement

A

reinforcement given after a specific number of responses on average

80
Q

Fixed interval

A

reinforcement given after a certain amount of time

81
Q

Variable interval

A

reinforcement given after an average time interval

82
Q

Shaping

A

progressively reinforcing behaviour that comes close to exact desired behavior

83
Q

Fading

A

gradually decreasing reinforcement for behaviour that isn’t exactly the desired behaviour

84
Q

Chaining

A

linking interrelated behaviors

85
Q

Token economies

A

Primary reinforcer - item that naturally increases target behaviour i.e. sex, money, food
- Secondary reinforcer - a neutral object that becomes associated with primary reinforcer, i.e. tokens allow you to buy you food

86
Q

Stimulus organism response

A

The way someone responds to a stimulus depends on their own subjective history with the stimulus

87
Q

Tolman & latent learning

A

We still learn even without reinforcements. Rat maze experiment

Psych101 (1 decks)

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