midterm 2 Flashcards
describe intra sexual selection
males or females competing with each other. competition can precede or follow conception/ mating. for example lions, strange male lions will take over the pride and kill the male and babies and re impregnate the female lion.
describe inter sexual selection
when males or females choose their mates. mating often involves courting or advertisement. ex. female deer will choose the buck that controls the largest feeding areas
what is polygyny
when males have access to all the females they want. male-male competition is common among these species
what is polyandry?
when females have access to all the males they want
what is Kleptogamy?
sneak-mating. for ex. some toads will wait for a more attractive toad and when the female starts to approach this toad they will jump on them
what are K species
think Kool. longer life span, longer gestation. stable climate and environment, larger in size, extensive and high quality parental care. ex. elephants
describe R and K species
favouring quality over quantity of offspring, longer gestation and more parental care
describe R species.
think Rushed. ex. mice; short life span, short gestation, more off spring, unstable environment, little to no parental care or investment
what are generalists?
animals that often live close to humans, often eat anything and live anywhere. bobcats are generalists
what are specialists?
species with specific diets, habitats, homerange size. for example canadian lynx will only eat hares
what are epigametic sexual characteristics
secondary sexual characteristics that males or females will look for, usually there to attract females
what is sexual dimorphisms?
when females look different. typical in polygamous and monogamous special, male and females look alot alike
what are the different modes of reproduction?
- gonochoristic (male and female parts)
- hermaphroditic ( individuals have both sperm and eggs)
- parthenogenetic mode: all individuals have ovaries, only need one to reproduce
what is the parental experience hypothesis?
first time mother’s offspring is are less likely to survive because mother’s do not know what they are doing.. survival rate increases with each child they have.
ex. rhesus monkeys. mothering seems to require a learning process
what is the parental provision theory?
psychologically preferred, the idea that the parent is there to provide care for offspring
what is the conflict model?
sociobiologists pushed this theory in the 60s and 70s. the idea that parents and kids have different ideas on how things should go
what is the symbiosis model?
a theory that is starting to gain popularity. the idea that everyone gets something out of parental care
what is the conflict model?
alot of resources used on offspring and everything is fine at first but as the offspring go parents start competing with their offsprinf for resources.
ex. cats; after the first moth f amazing maternal care it seems as though the mother is ready to kill the young
what is dispersion?
when to kick the offspring out and make them more independent, common in species that do not form permanent social groups
what is the Gamete order hypothesis?
the idea that the last parent to release gametes give the parental care. major limitation: fertilization mode
how is paternal care defined in amphibians and reptiles?
- nest creation and attendance
- nest guarding
- transportation
brooding - feeding the young
- guarding or attending the young
describe the northern jacana
- a perfect example of paternal care. females are polyandrous and are responsible for territorial protection. the males are smaller and in charge of nest building and the defence of chicks. a complete role reversal
describe helping (alloparental care) in canids
- foxes: aunting
- wolves: became a social system or a unit that is often multigenerational
- coyotes: intermediary and flexible system
what is paternal care usually associated with?
paternal care is usually associated with biparental care
- 70% of birds
- 3% mammals
what are the criteria for paternal care in canids?
- grooming
- transporting
- feeding
- defending
- guarding
- baby-sitting
- playing
- care to female (usually bringing her food)
what are alternative mating strategies?
- forced matings (common in mallard ducks)
- sneak mating ( kleptogamy). common in deer, wolves, bull frogs
what are the types of monogamy?
- genetic monogamy
- sexual or mating monogamy
- social monogamy
what is genetic monogamy?
- DNA analysis confirming mating/pair bond between a male and a female
what is social monogamy?
social living arrangement between a male and a female
what is the criteria of monogamy?
- reduced sexual dismorphism
- exclusivity of mating
- pair bond
- biparental care
- exclusion of non-in from the family
- reproductive suppression
- incest avoidance
true or false reproductive variance is higher in males?
true
describe pair bond
- the nature of association and interactions, spatial proximity, frequency of association and duration of pair bond
ex. Gibbons monogamous but do not need proximity
what did brown find on monogamy?
based on paring duration
perennial
seasonal
serial
what did Kleiman find on monogamy?
- most cited
- faculatative
- paternal investment low
- loose association
what did Wittenberger find about monogamy?
- 2 dimensions (spatial and temporal)
- spatially; time spent together
- temporal; difference between serial and permanent monogamy
what did Wickler and Seibt find about monogamy?
- 2 distinctions
- distinction 1 = mutual vs. enforced monogamy are the sexes in agreement of this arrangement
- distinction 2 = genetic, sexual and social monogamy
what did Poole find on monogamy?
- 3 grades
- grade 1 = define based on red foxes. looser association between males and females (almost like an absent father, shows up then disappears, not spatially bonded to female or young)
- grade 2 - nuclear family. seen in permanent pairs
- grade 3 = rank determined monogamy
whats significant about raccoon dogs?
only hibernator in canids
describe fennecs
- found in deserts in africa
- tame well
- big ears that relieve heat
- eat insects
describe african wild dogs
- unique colourings for each individual
- fairly large
- difficult to tame
describe Bush dogs
- very social in fact one of the four most social species
describe Dholes
- found in india
- create clans made up of different packs, this makes them extremely unique
according to Kin selection theory what is assessed when females are looking for a high quality mate?
- immune system
- endocrine system
what are the means of competition in intermale competition?
- aggression
- sperm competition (two males mate w/ female fasterst sperm wins)
- kleptogamy
how are genes chosen?
proximate factor, mainly genetics and endocrinology
describe the good genes theory
- good phenotype indicates good genes
- females need to be good at identifying good genes
- only honest advertisers shoulf give attention to females
- ## honest indicators are costly to produce more costly the harder to produce
what is the Hamilton Zuk hypothesis?
related to the good genes theory. females chose the least parasit males based on these indicators (dull colour, less hair, skinny)
describe good genes in Humans
- pheromones sensed implicitly
- humans will be more attracted to individuals of the opposite sex with a different MHC signature than theirs
- women use perfume to magnify their MHC
what is MHC
- major histocompatibility complex: pheromones
describe symmetry and good genes
- fluctuating asymmetry hypothesis
- deviations from symmetry are bad
- high symmetry = high genetic quality
- symmetry suggests a phenotypic ability to deal with environmental challenges
describe runaway selection theory
- emphasized the interaction between male traits and female mating preferences
- at least two genes
- both genes are present in both sexes, but expressed only in the appropriate sex
- genetic linkage between those two genes
describe the handicap theory
male ornament (ex. large peacock tail) is not adaptive, it is a handicap. sends message to females that he can survive despite this handicap
describe the sensory bias theory
- choice in females driven by the intensity of the sensory stimulation
- male traits are not important, the detection of fitness is not assumed females are just responsive to that specific stimulus characteristic. the stimulus is in a different species.. these stimuli were typically present in the females ancestory but now not found in her own species
what are other factors in mate choice?
- learning (conditioning)
- sexual imprinting
- cultural transmission ( mother influencing the mate choice in daughters)
describe opportunity for selection models
if an unpopular male is able to talk to one female in a bar, his is alot more likely to score a mate than an unpopular male who does’t talk to a female
describe strategic models
- based on game theory
- not adaptive
- if too many copiers (minority), copiers copy copiers, not choosers (majority)
describe population genetics models
the preference in females of a preferred genetically-based trait in males is based on genetics and cultural components
- female and male traits become extreme
what is the bruce effect?
the smell of a strange male causes a pregnancy block or even causes abortion infemales. could account for lower birth rates
what did Bronson find?
that urine from stressed mice will produce an adrenocortical response in naive mice
describe the spiny mouse
- males and females look alike
- precocial
- small ears
- smaller litters compared to other mice
describe the dwarf mongoose
- small african carnivore
- monogamous
describe marmosets
the only primate species that stay as a nuclear family
- dad always carries the young
-
describe titi monkeys
couples intertwine tails
describe the effect stress has on the reproductive system
stress leads to an activated HPAC which leads to an increase of cortisol (in humans) and corticosterone ( in animas) which then leads to suppressed reproductive hormones
what animals are usually K-selected
- reptiles
- birds
- mammals
- some fish such as seahorse
what animals are usually R-selected
- amphibians
- some fish such as minnows
what are density independent factors?
- climate, food, fires and floods
- mainly effect r-selected
what are density dependent factors?
- competition, parasitism, disease, predation and food supply
- mainly effect k-selected
- behavioural and physiological
what did driekamer find?
found that females grouped together release a pheromone that delays sexual maturation in other females
what are mechanisms of group regulation?
- inhibitory ( behavioural inhibition and physiological inhibition)
- temporal (preconception and post conception)
describe sensory bias theory
- choice in females driven by the intensity of the sensory stimulation
- females respond to male features that are inherited from ancestors and have nothing to do with male quality
describe the pied flycatcher
large territories are held by males that are the first at the site, older and blacker but Alatato found that the choice of females is not correlated with the three factors above but by the quality of the territory
describe the certainty of paternity hypothesis
if high the father will care for the young is low it won’t. paternity is most uncertain in species with internal fertilization
describe the association or proximity hypothesis
proximity of adults and offspring’s determines parental behaviour
