Midterm 2 Flashcards
Midterm 2
What is most impacted by rotational force?
Midbrain and diencephalon
Glutamate binds to what receptors?
AMPA, NMDA, Kainate
What is impacted from a coupe-contra-coup?
Cerebral spinal fluid, minges, skull
Why is Calcium so bad?
Disrupts mitochondrial function, messes up ATP production, energy crisis
What are the consequences of an energy crisis?
Na + K pumps overworked, needs more ATP but there isn’t any to use
Secondary injuries possibility increases
What part of the brain is affected with symptoms of:
a) ICP and headaches
b) confusion and amnesia
c) ringing of ears and nausea
d) mood and emotional disturbance
a - brainstem
b - hippocampus + frontal lobe
c - temporal lobes
d - amygdala
Second impact syndrome can
produce cumulative worsening symptoms
increase morbidity and mortality rates
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is
neurofibrillary tangles, plaque, neuronal death, and degreation of the brain. Similar to dementia symptoms
What is the average life expectancy for somebody with down syndrome
60 years
What is the consequence of mature motherhood
increased risk of child with down syndrome (3%)
What health issues are DS patients susceptible to
Congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, mental health disorders
What are the four neurological clinical presentations of DS?
Mild-moderate intellectual disability, speech abnormalities, mental illness, dementia/alzheimers
What is mosaic down syndrome?
Some cells having trisomy 21 while others are normal
What is the range of overexpression of genes on gene 21?
300-500 genes
What causes DS?
Chromosome fails to separate on sperm/egg cell
or merged egg (8%f, 3%m)
why is an extra copy bad?
overexpression of amyloid, super oxide, microRNA fuck with enzymes, decreased immune system function.
Beta Amyloid function
amyloid plaques, extracellular deposits. Lipid membrane - permeable to Ca and can cause apoptosis
What are the three impacts of superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Lipid peroxidation - decreased immune function
DNA oxidation - premature aging
protein oxidation - mental functioning
Management of DS
vitamins, zinc, minerals, selenium
education and care
What are the four main arteries in the circle of willis
Internal carotid arteries Anterior cerebral arteries Anterior communication arteries Posterior cerebral arteries Posterior communication arteries
what flows into brain through bood
vitamins, oxygen, amino acids, fats, hormones
what flows out of the brain
CO2, ammonia, lactate, hormones
Blood circulation in the brain
ANTERIOR - anterior and medial regions
POSTERIOR - posterior regions and cerebellum
Ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke
Ischemic is a BLOCKAGE of blood vessel
Hemorrhagic is bleeding out of the membrane
Types of Ischemic stroke
thrombosis - local
embolism - debree
what is FAST
facial drop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time to book it to the hospital bois
What are the four types of hemorrhagic strokes?
epidural - worst - skull and dura mater
subdural - dura mater and arachnoid
subarachnoid - arachnoid and pia mater
intracerebral - inside brain
What symptoms are specific to hemorrhagic strokes?
Headaches, dizziness, seizures, vomiting
Symptoms of strokes
unilateral, numbness, aphasia/dysarthria, weakness
what is an infarction
necrosis caused by lack of blood supply
dangers of the infarction period
osmotically active substances (ARACHNOID ACID, ELECTROLYTES, LACTIC ACID) causes cerebral edema therefore cell death.
how long is the infarction period
two weeks, 3-4 first days are the most dangerous
risk factors of a stroke
hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, lipids, diabetes mellitus, obesity, 75+ old
Prevention of a stroke
blood pressure medication, surgery, diet, anticoagulation drugs (aspirin)
Management of a stroke
stroke rehab and a number of therapies
Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease
male prevalent, 1/500 CA, 6600 diagnosed every year
What is the average onset age of PD
60 years, early onset <50
What is TRAP
tremor, rigidity, (a)bradykinesia, post. instability
What TRAP symptom is in every patient
bradykinesia
What percentage of neurons are dead at diagnosis of PD
70%
Prevalence of a tremor in PD patients? Rigidity?
~70% T, 90% patients R
What are the four non-motor symptoms for PD?
Psychiatric, autonomic, cognitive, sleep
What are the four main Loops in PD?
cognitive loop - frontal lobe, task switching
vis. / occ. loop - spatial recognition, scanning environment
affective loop - emotions, desire, apathy, impulse, motivation. Amygdala
motor loop - putamen, GPi, Substantia Nigra
What happens in the Basal Ganglia in PD
cell death in the substantia nigra
cannot initiate movement
Dopamine DEPLETION in SN
What is dopamine’s role in PD
dopamine drives motor cortex activation,
non motor neurohormones in PD
Noradrenergic - urinary frequency, erectile dysfunction
Serotonergic - sleep disturbances and disorders
Cholinergic - constipation
Stages of loop neuronal loss in PD
(bottom up) Olfactory bulb, dorsal motor nucleus Locus coeruleus Substantia Nigra Cortex
PD progression
neuronal cell loss ~ non motor symptoms - subtle
(5 y later) diagnosis ~ clinical symptoms. <70% neuron loss
(10y in) more cell loss ~ wearing off or random flux.
(15 y in) severe presynaptic cell loss ~ decreasing response to L-Dopa
Environmental causes of PD
Toxins, pollutants, head injury, side effects of drugs (MPTP bois)
Genetic causes of PD
early onset PD is often genetic, 5-10% is a gene mutation,
What are lewy bodies
clumps of alpha-synuclein protein that develops INSIDE THE NEURON
What can lewy bodies do
displacement of cell parts, cause spherical masses in cytoplasm
Treatment of PD (name three)
L-dopa, COMP-T inhibitors and MAO B inhibitors, Dopamine antagonists, education, nutrition, exercise, surgery, stem cells
