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Neuro 1203 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

Midterm 2

1
Q

What is most impacted by rotational force?

A

Midbrain and diencephalon

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2
Q

Glutamate binds to what receptors?

A

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate

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3
Q

What is impacted from a coupe-contra-coup?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid, minges, skull

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4
Q

Why is Calcium so bad?

A

Disrupts mitochondrial function, messes up ATP production, energy crisis

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5
Q

What are the consequences of an energy crisis?

A

Na + K pumps overworked, needs more ATP but there isn’t any to use
Secondary injuries possibility increases

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6
Q

What part of the brain is affected with symptoms of:

a) ICP and headaches
b) confusion and amnesia
c) ringing of ears and nausea
d) mood and emotional disturbance

A

a - brainstem
b - hippocampus + frontal lobe
c - temporal lobes
d - amygdala

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7
Q

Second impact syndrome can

A

produce cumulative worsening symptoms

increase morbidity and mortality rates

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8
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is

A

neurofibrillary tangles, plaque, neuronal death, and degreation of the brain. Similar to dementia symptoms

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9
Q

What is the average life expectancy for somebody with down syndrome

A

60 years

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10
Q

What is the consequence of mature motherhood

A

increased risk of child with down syndrome (3%)

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11
Q

What health issues are DS patients susceptible to

A

Congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, mental health disorders

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12
Q

What are the four neurological clinical presentations of DS?

A

Mild-moderate intellectual disability, speech abnormalities, mental illness, dementia/alzheimers

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13
Q

What is mosaic down syndrome?

A

Some cells having trisomy 21 while others are normal

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14
Q

What is the range of overexpression of genes on gene 21?

A

300-500 genes

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15
Q

What causes DS?

A

Chromosome fails to separate on sperm/egg cell

or merged egg (8%f, 3%m)

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16
Q

why is an extra copy bad?

A

overexpression of amyloid, super oxide, microRNA fuck with enzymes, decreased immune system function.

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17
Q

Beta Amyloid function

A

amyloid plaques, extracellular deposits. Lipid membrane - permeable to Ca and can cause apoptosis

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18
Q

What are the three impacts of superoxide dismutase (SOD)

A

Lipid peroxidation - decreased immune function
DNA oxidation - premature aging
protein oxidation - mental functioning

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19
Q

Management of DS

A

vitamins, zinc, minerals, selenium

education and care

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20
Q

What are the four main arteries in the circle of willis

A 
Internal carotid arteries
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communication arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communication arteries
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21
Q

what flows into brain through bood

A

vitamins, oxygen, amino acids, fats, hormones

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22
Q

what flows out of the brain

A

CO2, ammonia, lactate, hormones

23
Q

Blood circulation in the brain

A

ANTERIOR - anterior and medial regions

POSTERIOR - posterior regions and cerebellum

24
Q

Ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke

A

Ischemic is a BLOCKAGE of blood vessel

Hemorrhagic is bleeding out of the membrane

25
Q

Types of Ischemic stroke

A

thrombosis - local

embolism - debree

26
Q

what is FAST

A

facial drop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time to book it to the hospital bois

27
Q

What are the four types of hemorrhagic strokes?

A

epidural - worst - skull and dura mater
subdural - dura mater and arachnoid
subarachnoid - arachnoid and pia mater
intracerebral - inside brain

28
Q

What symptoms are specific to hemorrhagic strokes?

A

Headaches, dizziness, seizures, vomiting

29
Q

Symptoms of strokes

A

unilateral, numbness, aphasia/dysarthria, weakness

30
Q

what is an infarction

A

necrosis caused by lack of blood supply

31
Q

dangers of the infarction period

A

osmotically active substances (ARACHNOID ACID, ELECTROLYTES, LACTIC ACID) causes cerebral edema therefore cell death.

32
Q

how long is the infarction period

A

two weeks, 3-4 first days are the most dangerous

33
Q

risk factors of a stroke

A

hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, lipids, diabetes mellitus, obesity, 75+ old

34
Q

Prevention of a stroke

A

blood pressure medication, surgery, diet, anticoagulation drugs (aspirin)

35
Q

Management of a stroke

A

stroke rehab and a number of therapies

36
Q

Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease

A

male prevalent, 1/500 CA, 6600 diagnosed every year

37
Q

What is the average onset age of PD

A

60 years, early onset <50

38
Q

What is TRAP

A

tremor, rigidity, (a)bradykinesia, post. instability

39
Q

What TRAP symptom is in every patient

A

bradykinesia

40
Q

What percentage of neurons are dead at diagnosis of PD

A

70%

41
Q

Prevalence of a tremor in PD patients? Rigidity?

A

~70% T, 90% patients R

42
Q

What are the four non-motor symptoms for PD?

A

Psychiatric, autonomic, cognitive, sleep

43
Q

What are the four main Loops in PD?

A

cognitive loop - frontal lobe, task switching
vis. / occ. loop - spatial recognition, scanning environment
affective loop - emotions, desire, apathy, impulse, motivation. Amygdala
motor loop - putamen, GPi, Substantia Nigra

44
Q

What happens in the Basal Ganglia in PD

A

cell death in the substantia nigra
cannot initiate movement
Dopamine DEPLETION in SN

45
Q

What is dopamine’s role in PD

A

dopamine drives motor cortex activation,

46
Q

non motor neurohormones in PD

A

Noradrenergic - urinary frequency, erectile dysfunction
Serotonergic - sleep disturbances and disorders
Cholinergic - constipation

47
Q

Stages of loop neuronal loss in PD

A 
(bottom up) 
Olfactory bulb, dorsal motor nucleus 
Locus coeruleus
Substantia Nigra
Cortex
48
Q

PD progression

A

neuronal cell loss ~ non motor symptoms - subtle
(5 y later) diagnosis ~ clinical symptoms. <70% neuron loss
(10y in) more cell loss ~ wearing off or random flux.
(15 y in) severe presynaptic cell loss ~ decreasing response to L-Dopa

49
Q

Environmental causes of PD

A

Toxins, pollutants, head injury, side effects of drugs (MPTP bois)

50
Q

Genetic causes of PD

A

early onset PD is often genetic, 5-10% is a gene mutation,

51
Q

What are lewy bodies

A

clumps of alpha-synuclein protein that develops INSIDE THE NEURON

52
Q

What can lewy bodies do

A

displacement of cell parts, cause spherical masses in cytoplasm

53
Q

Treatment of PD (name three)

A

L-dopa, COMP-T inhibitors and MAO B inhibitors, Dopamine antagonists, education, nutrition, exercise, surgery, stem cells

Neuro 1203 (2 decks)

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