Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Biological Control:
A
Purposeful use of natural enemies to reduce pest populations or impacts
2
Q
Aims of Biocontrol?
A
- Reduce pest populations
- Delay pest build up
- Prevent pest establishment
3
Q
Biocontrol Approaches:
A
- Conservation/habit modification (Maintain Natural Enemies)
- Classical biocontrol (Introduce new pests)
- Augmentation biocontrol ((Release of additional Natural Enemies)
4
Q
Why use biocontrol?
A
- Effectiveness
- Economics
- Insecticide resistance
- Human attitudes
5
Q
Examples of Biocontrol Pests:
A
Bugs (Aphids)
Beetles (Ladybug)
Flies & Lacewings (Green lacewing)
Mites & Spiders (Spider mites)
6
Q
Parasitoids:
A
- Parasitic while immature
- Free living as an adult
- Kills host to complete life cycle, Parasites don’t.
7
Q
Entomopathogenic Viruses:
A
- Large potential, still under development
- Used to kill pest caterpillars
- Most successful viral biocontrol to date
8
Q
Entomopathogens:
A
- Nematodes, fungi, viruses, bacteria, protozons
- Causes diseases in insects
- Used with inundate release and habitat modification biocontrol
9
Q
(Non)/Chemical Treatment for Livestock?
A
- Direct Sprays
- Face mops
- Dust bags
- Ear Tags
- Pour on
- Feed Through
- Fly tunnels
- Repellents
(Non)
10
Q
Common Cattle Grub:
A
- Starts on legs, works its way to esophagus, then goes to back and falls to soil
- Gadding,
- Hypodermatosis
- Reduced weight gain
- Trim losses
- Devalues Carcas
- Hide damage
Control: Bacterial fermentation by-products
11
Q
Horse Bots:
A
- No mouthparts
- Reduces grazing
- Gum irritation
- Can penetrate stomach wall
- Systemics
12
Q
Sheep Nose Bots:
A
- Flies shot larvae into nose, they grow and are sneezed out
- Reduced grazing
- Irrigate sinuses
13
Q
Horn Flies:
A
- Top back of cow
- 100-200 is economic threshold
- Weight loss (18%)
- Mastitis
- Lighter calves
14
Q
Face Flies
A
- Face of Cow
- Don’t bite, feed on eyes/wounds
- Pink eye
- Shelter and chemical
15
Q
Tabanids (Horse & Deer flies)
A
- Blood loss
- Milk reduction (20-30%)
- Disease transmission
16
Q
Black Flies:
A
- Irritation
- Blood loss
- Shock in livestock
- Black fly fever
- Spray and Backrubbers
17
Q
Biting Midges (No-see-ums)
A
- Vectors of blue tongue disease
- Reduced weight gain
- Reduce breeding size
- Impacts livestocks, Pests, humans
18
Q
Lice:
A
- Develops in 30days
- Spend most of life on animals
- Abortion
- Reduced milk production
- Anaemia
19
Q
Where to inspect for lice:
A
- Dewlap
- Cheek
- Muzzle
- Eye
- Withers (Front Back)
20
Q
Ticks:
A
- Blood loss
- Disease transmission
Toxic to;
- Hind limbs
- Forelimbs
- Rib cage
- Death by suffocation
21
Q
Darlking Beetles:
A
- Structural damage
- Disease transmission
- Keep it dry
22
Q
Hairy fungus beetle:
A
- Feed on mold
- Grain pest, usually
23
Q
What farm activity leads to resistance?
A
- Prolong exposure
- No refuges exist
- Larger areas treated
24
Q
Minimize selection pressure: (when spraying)
A
- keep susceptible insects alive
- Lowest possible effective rate
- No unnecessary treatments
- Shortest effective residual
25
Economic Injury level =
The lowest number on insects to cause economic damage
26
Economic Damage:
- Begins when the cost of surpassing injury = money lost due to injury
27
Grain Threshold:
- How much you can lose to the pest before it becomes profitable to pay for control measures
28
Damage Boundary =
Lowest level of injury where damage can be measured
29
EIL = C / V x i x D
```
c = cost of management per area
V = Market value per unit of produce
i = Injury per insect per sampling unit
D = Damage per sampling unit of injury
```
30
What is resistance?
- An increase over time of the ability of an insect population to survive an insecticide application
31
Resistance is the result of? and why?
- Acts on populations
| - Individuals are born "resistant", immunity does not develop
32
Resistance is most common in?
- Diptera (34%)
- Lepidoptera (15%)
- Mites (13%)
33
Mechanisms of Resistance:
1. Behavioural
2. Physiological
3. Biochemical
34
Symptoms for Poisoning:
Mild
- Headache
- Nausea
Moderate
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
Severe
- Defecation
- Death
