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Pests & Insects > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Control:

A

Purposeful use of natural enemies to reduce pest populations or impacts

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2
Q

Aims of Biocontrol?

A
  1. Reduce pest populations
  2. Delay pest build up
  3. Prevent pest establishment
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3
Q

Biocontrol Approaches:

A
  1. Conservation/habit modification (Maintain Natural Enemies)
  2. Classical biocontrol (Introduce new pests)
  3. Augmentation biocontrol ((Release of additional Natural Enemies)
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4
Q

Why use biocontrol?

A
  • Effectiveness
  • Economics
  • Insecticide resistance
  • Human attitudes
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5
Q

Examples of Biocontrol Pests:

A

Bugs (Aphids)

Beetles (Ladybug)

Flies & Lacewings (Green lacewing)

Mites & Spiders (Spider mites)

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6
Q

Parasitoids:

A
  • Parasitic while immature
  • Free living as an adult
  • Kills host to complete life cycle, Parasites don’t.
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7
Q

Entomopathogenic Viruses:

A
  • Large potential, still under development
  • Used to kill pest caterpillars
  • Most successful viral biocontrol to date
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8
Q

Entomopathogens:

A
  • Nematodes, fungi, viruses, bacteria, protozons
  • Causes diseases in insects
  • Used with inundate release and habitat modification biocontrol
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9
Q

(Non)/Chemical Treatment for Livestock?

A
  1. Direct Sprays
  2. Face mops
  3. Dust bags
  4. Ear Tags
  5. Pour on
  6. Feed Through
  7. Fly tunnels
  8. Repellents
    (Non)
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10
Q

Common Cattle Grub:

A
  • Starts on legs, works its way to esophagus, then goes to back and falls to soil
  • Gadding,
  • Hypodermatosis
  • Reduced weight gain
  • Trim losses
  • Devalues Carcas
  • Hide damage

Control: Bacterial fermentation by-products

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11
Q

Horse Bots:

A
  • No mouthparts
  • Reduces grazing
  • Gum irritation
  • Can penetrate stomach wall
  • Systemics
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12
Q

Sheep Nose Bots:

A
  • Flies shot larvae into nose, they grow and are sneezed out
  • Reduced grazing
  • Irrigate sinuses
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13
Q

Horn Flies:

A
  • Top back of cow
  • 100-200 is economic threshold
  • Weight loss (18%)
  • Mastitis
  • Lighter calves
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14
Q

Face Flies

A
  • Face of Cow
  • Don’t bite, feed on eyes/wounds
  • Pink eye
  • Shelter and chemical
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15
Q

Tabanids (Horse & Deer flies)

A
  • Blood loss
  • Milk reduction (20-30%)
  • Disease transmission
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16
Q

Black Flies:

A
  • Irritation
  • Blood loss
  • Shock in livestock
  • Black fly fever
  • Spray and Backrubbers
17
Q

Biting Midges (No-see-ums)

A
  • Vectors of blue tongue disease
  • Reduced weight gain
  • Reduce breeding size
  • Impacts livestocks, Pests, humans
18
Q

Lice:

A
  • Develops in 30days
  • Spend most of life on animals
  • Abortion
  • Reduced milk production
  • Anaemia
19
Q

Where to inspect for lice:

A
  1. Dewlap
  2. Cheek
  3. Muzzle
  4. Eye
  5. Withers (Front Back)
20
Q

Ticks:

A
  • Blood loss
  • Disease transmission

Toxic to;

  • Hind limbs
  • Forelimbs
  • Rib cage
  • Death by suffocation
21
Q

Darlking Beetles:

A
  • Structural damage
  • Disease transmission
  • Keep it dry
22
Q

Hairy fungus beetle:

A
  • Feed on mold

- Grain pest, usually

23
Q

What farm activity leads to resistance?

A
  • Prolong exposure
  • No refuges exist
  • Larger areas treated
24
Q

Minimize selection pressure: (when spraying)

A
  • keep susceptible insects alive
  • Lowest possible effective rate
  • No unnecessary treatments
  • Shortest effective residual
25
Q

Economic Injury level =

A

The lowest number on insects to cause economic damage

26
Q

Economic Damage:

A
  • Begins when the cost of surpassing injury = money lost due to injury
27
Q

Grain Threshold:

A
  • How much you can lose to the pest before it becomes profitable to pay for control measures
28
Q

Damage Boundary =

A

Lowest level of injury where damage can be measured

29
Q

EIL = C / V x i x D

A 
c = cost of management per area 
V = Market value per unit of produce
i = Injury per insect per sampling unit 
D = Damage per sampling unit of injury
30
Q

What is resistance?

A
  • An increase over time of the ability of an insect population to survive an insecticide application
31
Q

Resistance is the result of? and why?

A
  • Acts on populations

- Individuals are born “resistant”, immunity does not develop

32
Q

Resistance is most common in?

A
  • Diptera (34%)
  • Lepidoptera (15%)
  • Mites (13%)
33
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance:

A
  1. Behavioural
  2. Physiological
  3. Biochemical
34
Q

Symptoms for Poisoning:

A

Mild

  • Headache
  • Nausea

Moderate

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea

Severe

  • Defecation
  • Death

Pests & Insects (2 decks)

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