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Pest Management > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is PPE? (Personal Protective Equipment)

A

-Head protection, Eye Safety, Respiratory protection, Hand Protection, Body Coverings, Foot Protection, First Aid

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2
Q

Pesticide Handling Precautions include…

A
  • never handle while tired, ill, intoxicated
  • pour carefully and mix in a well ventilated area
  • keep hands away from face
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3
Q

What should be done in case of an accident working with pesticides?

A
  • maintain records of pesticide use
  • be aware of symptoms of poisoning
  • know who to contact
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4
Q

What steps should be taken if in case a spill occurs?

A
  1. Check the label
  2. Use absorbent materials (kitty litter, saw dust)
  3. Shovel
  4. Plastic bags - to enclose absorbent material
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5
Q

What is resistance?

A

-an increase overtime in the ability of an insect pop. to survive an insecticide application.
(not the same as tolerance)

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6
Q

What are the mechanisms to resistance and explain what they do

A

Behavioural - changes in behaviour by which insects avoid exposure
Physiological - changes in basic physiology confer resistance
Biochemical - enhanced detoxification

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7
Q

What is cross resistance?

A
  • resistance to one insecticide likely to confer resistance to other toxicants with similar modes of action.
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8
Q

What is multiple resistance?

A
  • independent evolution of multiple mechanisms of resistance, multiple genes involved
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9
Q

What are some biological factors that lead to resistance?

A
  • Little or no migration between populations
  • Monophagy (feeds on only one plant species)
  • Short generation time
  • Highly mobile (increased exposure)
  • Selection pressure is high
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10
Q

What farm activities lead to resistance?

A
  • Prolonged exposure
  • Frequent spray
  • Large areas treated
  • Similar mode of action to previous pesticide
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11
Q

What is resistance management?

A
  • minimizing selection pressure
  • no unnecessary treatments
  • lowest possible effective rates
  • shortest effective residual
  • local instead of area-wide treatments
  • use other controls whenever possible
  • rotate chemical classes
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12
Q

Compare the difference between injury and damage and give an example of each.

A

Injury: physical harm caused by insects to commodity
ex. leaf consumption, tunnelling

Damage: the monetary value loss of the commodity due to the injury
ex. reduced yield

Any level of pest infestation causes injury
but
not all injury causes damage

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13
Q

What are the aims of biological control?

A
  1. Reduce pest pop.
  2. Delay pest buildup
  3. Prevent pest establishment
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14
Q

What are the three biological control measures?

A
  1. Conservation + habitat modification
  2. Classical biocontrol
  3. Augmentative biocontrol
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15
Q

What are the pros and cons of biocontrol?

A

PROS

  • very effective (effectiveness)
  • very cheap (economics)
  • some cases are necessary (insecticide resistance)
  • publicly favourable (human attitude)

CONS

  • potential for success (doesn’t always work)
  • non-target effects
  • long-term consequences
  • compatibility with other pest control measures
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16
Q

What are the three classifications of pests and give an example of each one.

A
  1. Predators - bugs, beetles, flies and lacewings
  2. Parasitoids - parasitoid flies and wasps
  3. Entomopathogens - nematodes, fungi, viruses
17
Q

What do insects do on your farm?

A
  • pollinating crops
  • eating other insects
  • eating weeds, and weed seeds
  • decomposing stubble, dung, animals
  • improving the soil
  • feeding on crops, livestock, and stored grain
18
Q

Which non-chemical treatment will prevent horn fly/face fly larval development?

A

Dung Beetles

19
Q

Which of the following livestock pests can cause toxic shock in animals?

A

Horn Flies

20
Q

What is the best way to prevent damage from sheep ked larvae?

A

put grease on nose of sheep

21
Q

The economic injury level increases with

A

the cost of control

22
Q

The damage boundary is

A

when you can measure the damage caused by pest insects

23
Q

Why are surfactants used in insecticides?

A

To improve wetting and spreading of the insecticide

24
Q

Economic damage begins when

A

when you can measure economic loss

25
Q

Why are control methods against horn flies and face flies similar?

A

because they both have similar development habitats and patterns

26
Q

What is the difference between economic injury level and economic threshold?

A

The economic threshold comes before the economic injury level. Economic threshold is when you have to take action before the economic injury because economic damage.

27
Q

Identify two advantages biological control offers when compared to the use of conventional insecticides for insect management?

A
  1. when an insect such as an aphid is tolerant to carbonyl, can use lady beetles as a beneficial insect to control aphids
  2. biocontrol can be used to control insects when you grow organic crops
28
Q

Black flies and mosquitoes have strictly aquatic immature stages, yet they do not compete for habitat. Why not?

A

Black flies like running water, like streams

Mosquitoes like stagnant or flooding water

Pest Management (1 decks)

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