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soc 225 criminology > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

organized crime

A

refers to the self-perpetuating, structured, and disciplined associations of individuals or groups with the purpose of obtaining monetary or commercial profits, in illegal means, while protecting their activities through corruption

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2
Q

characteristics of organized crimes

A
  • illegal activities are conspiratorial
  • they commit or threaten violence
  • activities are conducted in a methodical, systematic, or secret fashion
  • intricate organization structure insulates their leadership
  • attempts to gain influence through corruption and graft
  • economic gain is the primary goal
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3
Q

terrorism and organized crime

A
  • some terrorist groups rely on organizations to raise money to support their terrorist activites
  • other groups get funding form governments or from public donations and are not considered organized crime groups
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4
Q

roots of organized crimes

A
  • result from the demand by the law abiding citizenry for illegal goods and services such as illicit drugs. alcohol, and prostitution
  • legal competitors are excluded bc the goods and services are illegal
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5
Q

tabacco smuggling: illicit market structure

A
  • high taxes on tobacco in CAN and lower prices in the US created opportunity for organized crime
  • 30% of cigs sold in CAN were illegal - huge loss in tax revenue
  • compamies helped by selling tobacco to smugglers
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6
Q

reasons for ethnic involvement

A
  • some ethnic groups are denied legitimate access to common cultural goals, so they turn to illegitimate means
  • groups use their family and local ties in several different countries to expand business
  • interpersonal ties makes it difficult for outsiders to infiltrate
  • race and lang can make infiltration difficult
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7
Q

italian based mafia

A
  • in north america since the late 19th century
  • formal network covering much of north America
  • hierarchical and pyramidal structure
  • still powerful bbut has lots of competitors
  • operates with strict code of conduct
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8
Q

the 10 mafios commandments

A
  • no one can present himself directly to another of our friends, there must be a third person to do it
  • never look at the wives of friends
  • never be seen with cops
  • dont go to pubs or cluns
  • always be available fro coas nostra, even if your wifes about to give birth
  • appointments must be respected
  • wives must be treated with respect
  • when asked for information, the answer must always be true
  • money cannot be appropraited if it belongs to others or other families
  • cant be apart if they have close relatives in the police, have a two timing relative , who behaves badly, and or does not hold moral values
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9
Q

outlaw motorcycle gangs

A

tightly organized groups that have a national presence in canada and the US
- have been involved in a great deal of violence

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10
Q

outlaw motorcylce gangs in canada

A
  • hells angels
  • bbandidos
  • outlaws
  • rock machine
  • satans choice
  • para dice riders
  • the red devils
  • vegabonds
  • loners
  • lobos
  • last chance
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11
Q

activities of hells angels in CAN

A
  • main money machinery is drug trafficking
  • prostitution, fraud, extortion
  • turf war in montreal
  • caused public outcry and passage bill c-95
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12
Q

changes to bill c-95

A
  • added a definition of “criminal organization adn “criminal organization offence” to the code
  • provided that a murder committed with the use of explosives is a first degree murder if it is in association with a criminal organization, whether it was planned or not
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13
Q

characteristics of biker gangs

A
  • use force and violence for survive and thrive
  • have a hierarchical structure. this allows the leaders to operate with impunity
  • show off colors in pubblic
  • ## crime committing is left to recruits
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14
Q

triads and other asian groups

A
  • triads have existed in china for centuries
  • have spread to many other countries so they have global links
  • ## global drug smuggling
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15
Q

impact of organized crimes - russia

A
  • NA gangs have grown out of large russian gangs
  • police and other parts of justice system have been weakened
  • russian mofia have great power
  • criminal gangs have filled the power positions. now having tremendous power and legitimate business
  • provides a base for global activities such as arms sale and nuclear weapons
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16
Q

ways of controlling organized crime

A
  • legalization of illicit goods and services
  • police investigation for corruption
  • national criminal laws and procedures
  • international cooperation
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17
Q

Sociological imagination

A

C. Wright Mills believed the sociological imagination is an awareness of the relationship between individuals and social forces that shape our lives

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18
Q

the duality of structure

A

denotes a structure which is both constraining and enabling to the actions of people.

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19
Q

anomie

A

the breakdown of social cohesion and social control mechanisms in a society

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20
Q

anomie can lead to high rates of crime

A
  • studies of suicide may increase
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21
Q

functions of crime: durkheim

A

maintaining boundaries: some crime is normal

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22
Q

merton: aspirations and means:

A
  • crime is caused by a gap between culturally prescribed aspirations and socially structured means of achieving those aspirations
  • strain = illegitimate means
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23
Q

mertons opportunity structures

A
  • anomie shifts from normlessness to relative deprivation
  • the greater the gap between aspirations and expectations, the higher the probability of deviance
  • ## emphasis on structure (distribution of opportuinty) and cultural (emphasis on pursuit of wealth)
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24
Q

five ways to adjusting to the disjuncture between societal goals and means

A
  • conformity
  • ritualism
  • innovation
  • retreatism
  • rebellion
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25
Q

strain and upper class

A
  • pressure is on to make money with less emphasis on doing it legitimately
  • ## reinforced by the fact that corporate crime is not condemned as much
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26
Q

kobrin and opportunity

A
  • sol kobrin pointed out that opportunity varied in different types of communities through: stable slum and transitory slum
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27
Q

stable slum

A

lower class communities, legitimate and illigitimate opportunities (gambling, prostitution rings as well as stores and restaurants

28
Q

transitory slum

A

decaying housing projects; minimal availabbility of either type of opportunities bc of fear of crime and lack of community life

29
Q

cloward: differential opportunity

A
  • access to opportunities varies
  • legitimate opportunity structure provides legal ways of succeeding
  • illegitimate opportunity structure- these vary by community and by individual
30
Q

cloward differential opportunity: subcultures

A
  • criminal: opportunities for crimes of financial gain such as organized crime
  • conflict: opportunities for gang violence
  • retreatist: for failures on other structure- turn to substance abuse
  • points out that not everyone can be a successful cirminal
31
Q

middle class measuring rod

A
  • schools and other instituiotns judge youth according to a middle class measuring rod that lower class youth are illprepared to meet
  • failure leads to a reversal of middle class standards
  • youth then develop standards that are easier to meet . such as rudeness
32
Q

anderson, the code of the street

A
  • well paying manufacturing jobs for the lower class disappeared through globalization
  • developed code that involves toughness and demand for respect
33
Q

critiques of strain theories

A
  • some researchers suggest that lower class have lower expectations so the strain should be low not high
  • they generally neglect female crime and delinquency.
  • do not take into account group interactions
34
Q

strain and upper class crime

A
  • strain theory applies to upperclass crime
  • some powerful people have an unprincipled overcommitment to successive goals
  • gives them no concern to which the goals are achieved
35
Q

strain theory pharmacist study

A
  • professional: ethical practice

- business: independent and freedom from control, hence, more prescription violation

36
Q

policy implications

A
  • providing more opportunities for young people in poor areas
  • early childhood education programs
  • developing a less coercive justice system
  • reducing the gap between rich and poor
37
Q

symbolic interactionism has three basic premises

A
  • people act towards objects in their lives according to the meanings of those objects to them
  • the meaning of objects to individuals emerged from interaction with other people
  • these meanings are applied and modified as individuals interpret particular situations
38
Q

labelling theory: edwin lemert

A

deviance is not a quality of the act, but a result of the acts social definition

39
Q

labelling theory: primary deviation

A
  • the initial acts of deviance before deviance becomes a way of life. no commitment
  • labelling is based of societal reaction
40
Q

secondary deviance

A
  • deviance that results from the imposition of the label, is part of the individuals identity
  • process of being labeled as deviant is a process of negotiation
  • if label is successfully applied, it will become the individuals master status
41
Q

primary deviation: the notion of drift

A
  • drift is a state of weak normative attachment to either deviant or conventional ways
  • social control has failed for these people who instead seek honour from their peers by practising subterranean traditions
42
Q

justifying deviance: moral rhetorics

A
  • a way of justifying the deviant behaviour by claiming it is morally right and is used to neutralize the stigma or negative social evaluation from deviance
  • egoism: they steal form people who are greedy or immoral
  • instrumental: justify acts by stressing the power they can bring to bear against powerful people
43
Q

moral entrepreneurs

A
  • ordinary people who help create and enforce the rules
  • define conditions as harmful or undesirable
  • try to get support of public
  • assert the existence of a particular condition or state of affairs
44
Q

california 3 strikes law

A

law provides a double sentence for a second felony conviction and a mandatory sentence of 25 years to life for a 3rd felony even if it is minor which was later changed to it being serious or violent

45
Q

differential association; edwin sutherland

A
  • criminal behaviour is learned
  • it is learned in interaction with others
  • principal part of learning occurs within intimate personal groups
  • learning includes techniques of committing the crime and the direction of motives and drives
  • may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
46
Q

criminal identity

A
  • is a social category into which deviants are placed by others in the community and into which they may place themselves
  • identity could lead to further criminal behaviour in conventional bonds are weakened
47
Q

the deviant career

A
  • is the passage of an individual through recognized stages in one or more related deviant identities
  • labeling is fundamental as it is a contentious process
48
Q

neo-marxist critique to labelling theory

A
  • theory fails to relate crime and deviance to the political and economic context in which they occur, particularly to power differences
49
Q

empiricist critique of labelling theory

A
  • more concerned with official labels than unofficial labels
  • labeling asa cause of deviance is inadequately conceptualized
  • labelling theory is difficult to test
50
Q

ethnomethodological critique

A
  • claims that labelling theorists neglects the question of how people make sense of their social world
51
Q

policy implications of labelling theory

A
  • reduce the amount of official labeling. this is done through diversion and decriminalization
52
Q

social control theory

A
  • assumes that we are neither good nor evil, but have the capacity to do wrong
  • we conform bc of social controls- the process that bind us to the social order
53
Q

durkheim social disorganization

A
  • social integration is key
  • importance of social bonds in understanding deviant behaviour
  • if social rules are weak and there is little consensus about their applicability, society will be unable to regulate morality, and deviance will be common
54
Q

types of suicide

A
  • egoistic
  • fatalistic
  • altruistic
  • anomic
55
Q

suicide in canada

A
  • more males commit suicide
  • approximately 4000 deaths per year
  • -
56
Q

section 241 of the criminal code

A

everyone who:
- counsels a person to comit suicide or
- aids or abets a person to commit suicide
where suicide is successful or not, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years

57
Q

section 7 of the charter of rights and freedoms

A
  • everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice
58
Q

assisted suicide is legal for:

A
  • a competent adult perosn who :
  • clearly concents to the termination of life
  • or has a grievous and irremediable medical condition that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstance of their conditon
59
Q

doctor assisted suicide in CAN

A
  • 3714 adults died by assisted suicide since bill c-14 was passed in june 2016
  • constitutes 1% of all deaths in CAN
  • mental illnesses caused some to be ineligible
  • average age was 73
60
Q

family suicides- homicides

A
  • 3/4 of all homicide suicides in canada involved family members
  • half of these cases were committed by male spouces/ex and 97% of victims were female spouces
  • woman aged 15- 44 had higher homicide suicide victimization rates
  • boys under 1 and girls aged 1-5 were greatest risk to be killed by parent
  • NB highest rate among provinces
61
Q

spousal murder suicides

A
  • most victims were killed by current rather than ex
  • close to 3/4 killed bby legal or common law spouse
  • 1/2 were legally married while 1/4 were common law
62
Q

spousal murder-suicides methods

A
  • most common is shootings
  • non spousal deaths were stabbings
  • the others were stabbing, strangulation, suffocation, drowning, beatings, poisons or burns
63
Q

motives for spousal murder suicides

A
  • an argument
  • jealousy for separated spouses and legally married spouses.
  • financial gain or protection of assets
  • separation (8/10 instances the victim was one to express separating)
64
Q

methods of suicide by gender

A

males: 56% firearm
24% suffocation 13% poisoning
females: 30% firearm 21% suffocation 40% poisoning

65
Q

suicide and young peopel

A

suicide was the 3rd leading cause of death for youth

66
Q

why do people commit suicide

A
  • personal crisis such as illness or divorce
  • drug and alcohol addiction
  • social isolation from unemployment
  • depression and other forms of mental illness
67
Q

leading causes of death

A

young people = accident for people 1-34 years

- cancer leading overall cause

soc 225 criminology (2 decks)

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