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BIOL 359 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

plesiomorphy

A

refers to the ancestral character state

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2
Q

apomorphy

A

a character state different than the ancestral state, a derived state

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3
Q

synapomorphy

A

a derived character state that is shared by two or more taxa due to common ancestry

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4
Q

autopomorphy

A

a uniquely derived character state

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5
Q

monophyletic

A

a group that contains all of the descendants of a common ancestor - clades

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6
Q

paraphyletic

A

a group that contains some but not all of the decedents of a common ancestor
reptiles are a paraphyletic group b/c birds also share a common ancestor but are not included in the group

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7
Q

polyphyletic

A

assemblage of taxa that have been erroneously grouped on the basis of homoplaious

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8
Q

homology

A

a character state that is shared b/w DNA sequences or taxa may be so b/c they share a common ancestor

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9
Q

homoplasy

A

a shared character state shared but evolved independently

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10
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution from different ancestral state

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11
Q

parallel evolution

A

independent evolution from the same ancestral state

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12
Q

analogy

A

non homology, fins of sharks and whales are homoplasy due to reversal, whales reverted back to the ancestral state in water after evolving as mammals on land

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13
Q

principle of parasyimony

A

simple explanations are preferred over complicated ones

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14
Q

coevolution

A

the process where evolutionary changes in one species drive changes in the traits of another species. can involve predator and prey, parasite and host,

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15
Q

adaption

A

a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in comparison to an individual without said trait - arises from natural selection maybe effected by genetic drift and migration

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16
Q

trade-off

A

a compromise b/w one trait and another that cannot be avoided

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17
Q

constraint

A

a factor that tends to retard the rate of adaptive evolution or prevent a population from optimizing a trait

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18
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

identical genotypes can have different phenotypes in different environments

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19
Q

obligate parthenogenesis

A

entire species consists only of females that reproduce by creating identical clones of themselves

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20
Q

cyclic parthenogenesis

A

females reproduce by cloning for most of the year, environmental cue triggers production of males, leading sexual reproduction. then parthenogenesis will continueq

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21
Q

gynogenesis

A

heterospacific sperm from a similar sexual species activates the egg by being in close proximity
sperm doesnt fuse with the ovum,

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22
Q

hybirdogenesis

A

The ovum is haploid and the heterospacific sperm from a related species is incorporated into it to form a diploid zygote. the paternally contribution is then lost premitoticly producing haploid ova that contain only the maternal genes.

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23
Q

hermaphrodites

A

organisms have both male and female gonads and are capable of self-fertilization.
still a form of sexual reproduction b/c gametes are still formed by meiosis but results in less genetic diversity than outcrossing

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24
Q

why does sex exist

A

a females reproductive mode does not:
affect the number of offspring she can have
affect the probability that her off spring will survive

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25
Q

what does sex boil down to?

A

mating b/w different individuals resulting in new combinations of genes in the off spring
recombination and crossing over in gametogenesis

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26
Q

linkage disequilibrium

A

linked genes are located close to one another on the chromosome and are inherited as a single unit. genotype at two different linked loci will not be randomly associated with one another.
recombination during meiosis breaks up linked genes and breaks down linkage disequilibrium

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27
Q

the genetic load

A

over time asexual organisms accumulate deleterious mutation, resulting in lower fitness
the total number of mutations and the resulting reduction in average population fitness. this will eventually get so high that the population goes extinct

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28
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

an evolutionary advance by a pathogen results in the evolutionary advance of the host and visa versa - coevolution

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29
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

refers the the phenotypic difference b/w males and females. in many cases cannot be explained by viability selection.

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30
Q

sexual selection

A

differential reproductive success resulting from differing abilities to find a mate

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31
Q

parental investment

A

refers to the energy, time, and resources devoted to mating, gestating, and caring for offspring. typically much greater for females

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32
Q

asymmetry in reproductive potential predicts

A

the sex under the stronger sexual selection will be competitive
the sex with the weaker sexual selection will be choosy

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33
Q

intrasexual selection

A

male-male combat can favour traits such as large body, armour, antlers and other offence/defence structures

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34
Q

infantacid

A

males will kill other males cubs to get a chance to mate with the female. this creates conflict b/w females and new males who take over the pride.

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35
Q

bruce effect

A

termination of pregnancy in the presence of unfamiliar males take over the group rather then invest in the doomed offspring they abort

36
Q

way are females so choosy?

A
  1. get better genes
  2. pre-existing sensory bias
  3. resistance to parasites/better health
  4. to get better a better provider for resources and protection
37
Q

consequences of asymmetric reproductive potential

A

the sex subjected to stronger sexual selection will be competitive (and possibly mate with multiple)while the weaker one will be choosy

38
Q

four types of social behaviour

A

mutually beneficial - both gain
selfish - gain for actor loss for recipient
altruism - loss for actor gain for recipient
spit - loss for both

39
Q

direct vs indirect fitness

A

direct - an individual’s direct contribution to the next generation by reproduction
indirect - arises by additional reproduction of close relatives that result from the actor’s actions. additional reproduction will not occur if it wasnt for the actor

40
Q

kin selection

A

the selection and spread of alleles that increase indirect fitness

41
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

an allele for altruistic behaviour will spread if is the (benefit for the recipient) relatedness - cost to the actor > 0

42
Q

topological/morphological species concent

A

type specimen - an individual that represents the whole species. specimens are considered to be of the same species if they agree morphologically to the type. but species show a continuum of variance

43
Q

cryptic species

A

cannot be distinguished based on their morphological characteristics

44
Q

biological species concept

A

groups of inbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
individuals with in the population resemble one another do to interbreeding and gene flow
difficult to test. cannot be applied to those who are extinct asexual or hybridize freely

45
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

consists of populations or groups of populations the share a common evolutionary fate through time
can be applied to living, extinct, and asexual
based on evolutionary independence - can be applied without direct observation

46
Q

allopatric speciation modle

A
  1. physiological isolations of populations
  2. divergence of isolated populations
  3. reproductive isolation
  4. posible secondary contact
47
Q

what drives divergance

A

once allopatric isolation has occurred mutation, genetic drift, bottle necks, viability, sexual, and fecundity selection can independently act on the populations, placing them on separate evolutionary trajectory

48
Q

sympatric speciation

A

when isolation and divergence occur at the same time.

key features are positive assortative mating and disruptive selection

49
Q

resource polymorphism

A

individuals within a population being to specialize on different food sources.

50
Q

premating reproductive isolation

A

prevents zygote from forming.

ecological, behaviour (different mating songs), mechanical

51
Q

postmating reproductive isolation

A

mating can occur but offspring die, are not well adapted, or sterile
zygotic/embryonic/arval mortality, hybrid inviability, sterility

52
Q

hybridization

A

can occur when recently diverged species come back into contact.
hybrid zones - areas where interbreeding occurs and hybrid are at a high rate

53
Q

three major outcomes of hybridization

A
  1. hybrid have lower fitness than the parental lineages, this results in reinforcement, character displacement, and short lived hybrid.
  2. have equal fitness, lineages will interbreed and merging back into a single - introgressive hybridization
  3. have higher fitness, can displace the parental species or form a new species
54
Q

what is reinforcement and character development

A

reinforcement - assortative mating will result in evolution of an isolating mechanism that prevents hybridization
in turn will cause character development - disruptive selection that causes differences b/w parental the two parental lineages

55
Q

biogeography

A

the science devoted to recognizing spatial patterns of biodiversity. study of the distribution of organisms (species and higher taxa) in both past and present

56
Q

dispersal vs vicariance

A

dispersal is the movement of organism away from their point of origin
vicariance is the splitting of fauna or populations as a result of the formation of a physical barrier

57
Q

what was the great american interchange

A

a major dispersal event that was due to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama creating a land bridge b/w north and south america
a vicariance event due to the rising of the land bridge isolating marine species in the Pacific and Caribbean resulting in allopatric speciation forming sister taxa on opposite sides

58
Q

why was the interchange “one sided”?

A

previous to this NA was in contact with the Asia. this allowed fauna that were well adapted to dispersal to migrate into NA. when the SA and NA formed contact the fauna who were well adapted for dispersal moved into SA

59
Q

law of germinate species, Jordan’s Law

A

the nearest related species is found in a neighbouring district separated from the first by a barrier of some sort. will always see sister taxa adjacent to one another.
not considered a law today b/c dispersal
by dating the barrier we can estimate the rate of evolution

60
Q

phytogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of genetic variance.
usually conducted by DNA sequencing representatives of the species over it’s geographic range
provides insights into the process of allopathic speciation provides evidence that different taxa have been effected by the same vicarience events in different ways

61
Q

latitude gradient species diversity

A

species diversity and number of endemic species increases from poles to the equator
this is due to historical factors (glaciers), ecological factors (climate), and evolutionary factors (rate of speciation/extinction)

62
Q

Rapoport’s rule

A

the range occupied by a species increases as you move from the equator to the poles

63
Q

profligate

A

wasteful or someone with low morals

64
Q

screed

A

lengthy piece of writing or speech

65
Q

Erudite

A

very knowledgeable through study, showing or having great knowledge gained from study and reading

66
Q

Barmy

A

nonsensical, irrational, and completely lacking good sense or reason

67
Q

odious

A

hateful or extremely unpleasant, inspiring hatred, contempt, and disgust

68
Q

bilious

A

nauseating/sickening exceptionally unpleasant or objectionable

69
Q

incucate

A

to fix something firmly on someone’s mind through frequent and forceful repetition

70
Q

pusillanimous

A

very weak spirited showing lack of strength or determination

71
Q

annus horribilis

A

an awful year or year of horrors

72
Q

annus mirabilious

A

a remarkable year, wonderful b/c of great and spatular events

73
Q

Vituperation

A

an outburst of abusive, violent, and harshly critical language

74
Q

gregarious

A

very friendly, sociable, having preference for being with others

75
Q

ebullient

A

cheerful, lively, highly enthusiastic

76
Q

Perfervid

A

passionate and enthusiastic towards something

77
Q

Salacious

A

having sexual contact, intending to arouse by means of explicit sexual contact

78
Q

Pugnacious

A

Very quarrelsome or argumentative, inclined to pick argument and fights

79
Q

Replete

A

full, the tank is replete with fuel

80
Q

Gourmand

A

someone who really likes food and tends to eat quite abit

81
Q

Transmogrify

A

the change appearance in a horrifying or grotesque way

82
Q

Redolent

A

strongly smelly, having a well defined odor

83
Q

Obsequious

A

one who is very eager to obey orderers

84
Q

sycophant

A

a fawn flatterer, someone who obsequiously flatters a powerful person

85
Q

Loquacious

A

having a tendency to talk a great deal

86
Q

Pedantic

A

overly concerned with formal rules and details, nitpick

BIOL 359 (2 decks)

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