midterm 2

Question 1

occurs when new experiences are readily incorporated into a child’s existing theories

Answer 1

Assimilation

Question 2

occurs when a child’s theories are modified based on experience

Answer 2

Accommodation

Question 3

refers to cognitive structures

Answer 3

schemas

Question 4

age of sensorimotor

Answer 4

0-2 years

Question 5

age of preoperational

Answer 5

2-6 years

Question 6

age of concrete operational

Answer 6

7-11 years

Question 7

age of formal operational

Answer 7

age 11+

Question 8

objects exist independently of our actions and thoughts concerning them

Answer 8

object permanence

Question 9

refers to young children’s difficulty in seeing the world form another’s viewpoint

Answer 9

Egocentrism

Question 10

credit inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties

Answer 10

animism

Question 11

narrowly focused thought

Answer 11

centration

Question 12

are strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and more powerful

Answer 12

mental operations

Question 13

ability to draw appropriate conclusions from facts

Answer 13

deductive reasoning

Question 14

view that children are active participants in their own development

Answer 14

constructivism

Question 15

mutual, shared understanding among participants in an activity

Answer 15

inter-subjectivity

Question 16

cognitive growth results from the children’s involvement in structured activities with others who are more skilled than they

Answer 16

guided participation

Question 17

refers to the difference between the level of performance a child can achieve when working alone and the higher level of performance that is possible when working under the guidance of more skilled peers

Answer 17

zone of proximal development

Question 18

refers to a teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner’s needs

Answer 18

scaffolding

Question 19

comments not directed to others but intended to help children regulate their own behaviour

Answer 19

private speech

Question 20

Vygotsky’s term for thought

Answer 20

inner speech

Question 21

where information is held very briefly in raw, unanalyzed form

Answer 21

sensory memory

Question 22

is the site of ongoing cognitive activity

Answer 22

working memory

Question 23

a limitless, permanent storehouse of knowledge of the world

Answer 23

long-term memory

Question 24

moves info from working memory to long term memory, etc.

Answer 24

central executive

Question 25

prevent task-relevant information from entering working memory

Answer 25

inhibitory processes

Question 26

inhibitory processes, along with planning and cognitive flexibility

Answer 26

executive functioning

Question 27

cognitive processes that require virtually no effort

Answer 27

automatic processes

Question 28

propose distinctive domains of knowledge, some of which are acquired very early in life

Answer 28

core-knowledge theories

Question 29

children believe that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose

Answer 29

technological explanations

Question 30

children believe that all living things have an essence that can't be seen but gives a living thing its identity

Answer 30

essentialism

Question 31

refers to our informal beliefs about other people and their behaviour

Answer 31

naive psychology

Question 32

a naive understanding of the relations between mind and behaviour

Answer 32

theory of mind

Question 33

an action to promote remembering

Answer 33

memory strategy

Question 34

a strategy of repeating information that must be remembered

Answer 34

rehearsal

Question 35

structuring material to be remembered so that related information is placed together

Answer 35

organization

Question 36

embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable

Answer 36

elaboration

Question 37

process of organizing related items into one meaningful group

Answer 37

chunking

Question 38

refers to a child's informal understanding of memory

Answer 38

meta-memory

Question 39

knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes

Answer 39

metacognitive knowledge

Question 40

memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur

Answer 40

script

Question 41

most experiences can be stored in memory exactly (vertbatim) or in terms of their basic meaning (gist)

Answer 41

fuzzy trace theory

Question 42

refers to people's memory of the significant events and experiences of their own lives

Answer 42

autobiographical memory

Question 43

refers to the inability to remember events from one's early life

Answer 43

infantile amnesia

Question 44

transforms the information in a problem into a mental representation

Answer 44

encoding processes

Question 45

in which a person describes the difference between the current and desired situations, and then does something to reduce the difference

Answer 45

means-ends analysis

Question 46

cognitive development is motivated by a sense of discomfort when the balance between what we know and what we experience is disrupted.

Answer 46

disequilibrium

Question 47

reflex activity; grasping, rooting and sucking

Answer 47

substage 1 (0-1 month)

Question 48

replicating interesting body-related events

Answer 48

substage 2: primary circular reaction (1-4 months)

Question 49

replicating interesting object-related events

Answer 49

substage 3: secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)

Question 50

intentional (planned) behaviour- to accomplish some goal you have; means-end tasks

Answer 50

substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months)

Question 51

trial and error exploratory schemes

Answer 51

substage 5: tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

Question 52

internal problem solving; no more trial and error

Answer 52

substage 6: problem solving (18-24 months)

Question 53

beginnings of symbolic thought

Answer 53

capstone accomplishment

Question 54

when you remove object out of sight, the baby loses interest completely

Answer 54

substage 1-2: no evidence of object permanence

Question 55

babies will search for a hidden object, but it depends on how hidden it is

Answer 55

substage 3: limited search

Question 56

Searches for object; A-not-B errors

Answer 56

substage 4: good search

Question 57

visible displacements are no longer a problem; can't cope with invisible displacements

Answer 57

substage 5

Question 58

invisible displacements are no longer an issue; success

Answer 58

substage 6

Question 59

what is the weakness of preoperational thought?

Answer 59

intuitive thinking

Question 60

tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem/situation at a time

Answer 60

centration

Question 61

the understanding that the quantity of a substance stays the same, even when the appearance changes

Answer 61

conservation

Question 62

conservation of number

Answer 62

age 5

Question 63

conservation of volume

Answer 63

1-2 years after number

Question 64

conservation of mass

Answer 64

1-2 years after number

Question 65

conservation of length

Answer 65

2-3 years after number

Question 66

conservation of weight

Answer 66

2-3 years after number