Midterm 2 Flashcards
In a simple recurrent network, what is the name of the layer that has both feedforward and feedback loops with the hidden layer?
Context Layer
Define the critical period for language learning (length of time and definition).
Time: Infancy - 3yrs.
Definition: The length of time that neural connections in the brain are at peak efficiency for learning a language.
What is the subset principle?
A principle of learning theory states that whenever there are two competing grammars for a language where one is a subset of another, the child will select the less inclusive grammar.
What is the hierarchy of language processing, and define each level of description briefly.
Pragmatics -> social lang. use Semantics -> the meaning of language Syntax -> structure of lang. Morphology -> structure of words Phonology -> sounds of lang.
From Spivey’s text, explain Marslen-Wilson’s (1987) theory on spoken word recognition.
As acoustic input for a word begins, it activates all the lexical representations that begin with that input and as more inputs are recieved, some of those representations become omitted, and before the end of the acoustic input, the correct representation is chosen.
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Trouble with language production.
Differentiate between surface dyslexia and deep dyslexia.
Surface: Poor mapping between conventions of written lang. (orthography) and phonology
Deep: surface dyslexia + poor mapping between orthography and semantics
What lobe of the brain is Wernicke’s area located in?
Temporal lobe
What are speech errors caused by?
Random noise and neural connectivity pattern!
What areas of the brain are involved in the Wernicke-Gerschwind model of language?
Angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and primary auditory cortex
Define classical conditioning.
A stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, and the neutral stimulus over time elicits a response similar to the original stimulus.
What is the retrograde messenger involved in Hebbian learning?
Nitric Oxide
What timescales do sensory memory, working memory, and associative memory function at?
Milliseconds, seconds, and semi-permanence
In a neural network, how does working memory function at the hidden layer?
Through recurrent feedback
Describe a Hopfield network (connections, how units are updated, feedback, layers, and learning algorithm used).
Symmetric connections, units updated one at a time randomly, no self-feedback, no hidden units, and an unsupervised learning network.
What connects the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus?
Optic nerve
What do the rods and cones “see”?
Rods see black and white, Cones see color.
Differentiate between the magnocellular pathway and the parvocellular pathway.
Magnocellular -> low spatial resolution, fast-cell response, and color insensitive
Parvocellular -> high spatial resolution, slow cell response, and color sensitive
Describe the “what” and “where” visual systems.
What -> ventral pathway, starts from occipital lobe and goes to the temporal lobe
Where -> dorsal pathway -> starts from occipital lobe and goes to parietal lobe
As detailed as possible, describe how light enters the eye and how it’s processed by the brain from start to finish.
Light -> cornea -> lens -> pigmented layer of retina (rods and cones) -> outer plexiform layer (horizontal cells) -> inner plexiform layer (amacrine cells) via bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve -> LGN -> V1 -> dorsal & ventral streams
Name one area of cognitive science.
Anthropology, linguistics, neuroscience, computer science, just name something honestly.
Name three different things you can do with a degree in cognitive science.
Data scientist, researcher, cognitive engineering, professor, psychologist, doctor, etc…
Name one issue (out of three) that Spivey’s chapter mentioned with linear accounts for visual processing.
Lateral projections within visual cortical areas
Recurrent synaptic projections between visual cortical areas
Frequent eye movements during visual perception
Operant conditioning
Does not require a response to be triggered by a stimulus. Ex. Positive and negative reinforcement.
Wernickes aphasia
Deficit in language comprehension
Alexia
Inability to read
Agraphia
Inability to write.
Back propagation
Requires a teacher
Basal ganglia
Collection of brain areas responsible for voluntary motor responses.
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement and punishment.
Primal sketch
Color, orientation, motion, luminance
2.5 D sketch
Shape,texture, velocity, depth
3D sketch
Full image to be presented to the rest of the brain for inspection.
In a visual search that requires a conjunction of two features to find the target object, reaction time:
Increases linearly with the increase in distract or objects.
What cause visual aftereffects and afterimages
Highly responsive cells becoming adapted of fatigued during extended exposure.
What is the time span of iconic memory?
A few hundred milliseconds
To say language comprehension is “incremental”
The brain processes spoken linguistic input continuously as it it being heard.
The “what” visual pathway through the ventral stream of the brain codes for:
Combination of color, texture, and shape that form object representations.
Retrograde amnesia
Prexisting memories are lost
Anterograde amnesia
Ability to memorize new things is impaired
