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Psych 121 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

People’s awareness of everything that is going on around them at any given moment (thoughts, sensations, feelings)

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2
Q

Waking Consciousness

A

Most of the day is spent in waking consciousness where these are clear and organized

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3
Q

When do altered states of consciousness occur?

A

When there s a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness. Alertness, thought content, and focus can vary greatly.

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4
Q

Can people live without sleep?

A

Only for a little while but cannot live without it all together.

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5
Q

Amount of sleep needed?

A

Average 7-9 hours per night but varies per individual and age

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6
Q

Is sleep a biological rhythm?

A

Yes, it is one of the bodies daily [circadian] biological rhythms.

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7
Q

What is the sleep/wake cycle controlled by?

A

Controlled by brain including the hypothalamus and serotonin.

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8
Q

What is REM?

A

Rapid Eye Movement

Stage of sleep where the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically dreaming.

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9
Q

What is nREM or non-REM sleep?

A

any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM

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10
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is…

A

a mood disorder caused by the body’s reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months

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11
Q

Beta Waves

A

Brain waves that indicate a state of being awake and mentally active.

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12
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

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13
Q

Theta waves

A

Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

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14
Q

Delta Waves

A

Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.

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15
Q

Average time of stage 1 sleep?

A

Approx 10 minutes

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16
Q

Average time of stage 2 sleep?

A

As long as 20 minutes

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17
Q

Average time of stage 3 sleep?

A

Approx 30 minutes

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18
Q

Average time of stage 4 sleep?

A

30 - 40 minutes approx

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19
Q

Average time of REM sleep?

A

A few minutes to an hour

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20
Q

REM Paralysis

A

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep

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21
Q

REM Behaviour Disorder

A

a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

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22
Q

REM rebound

A

Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

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23
Q

Nightmares

A

Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep

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24
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sitting, walking, or performing complex behaviour while asleep

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25
Q

Sexsomnia

A

a rare stage 4 sleep disorder in which the person may groan loudly, masturbate, or even sexually assault a partner without waking and with no memory of their behaviour

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26
Q

Night Terrors

A

Extreme fear, agitation, screaming or runs around during sleep without waking fully.

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27
Q

Insomnia

A

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality sleep.

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28
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more

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29
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

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30
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome

A

Uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep

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31
Q

Nocturnal Leg Cramps

A

Painful cramps in calf or foot muscles

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32
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness

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33
Q

Circadian Rhythm Disorders

A

Disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work

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34
Q

Enuresis

A

Urinated while asleep in bed

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35
Q

Cognition

A

Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.

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36
Q

Mental Images

A

Mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality.

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37
Q

Concepts

A

Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.

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38
Q

Formal Concepts

A

Concepts that are defined by specific rules or features.

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39
Q

Natural Concepts

A

Concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world.

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40
Q

Prototype

A

An example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept.

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41
Q

Problem Solving

A

Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.

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42
Q

Trial and Error

A

Problem solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.

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43
Q

Algorithms

A

Very specific, step by step procedures for solving certain types of problems.

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44
Q

Heuristic

A

An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a “rule of thumb.”

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45
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the member of a particular category is a member of that category.

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46
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or to think of related examples.

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47
Q

Means-end Analysis

A

Heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determination and then step are taken to reduce that difference.

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48
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

A block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions.

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49
Q

Mental Set

A

The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.

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50
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.

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51
Q

Creativity

A

The process of solving problems by combining ideas or behaviour in new ways.

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52
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic.

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53
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on the point.

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54
Q

Brainstorming

A

Generate as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without judging each idea’s merits until all ideas are recorded.

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55
Q

Keeping a journal

A

Carrying a journal to write down ideas as they occur or a recorder to capture those same ideas and thoughts.

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56
Q

Freewriting

A

Write down or record everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all the information is written or recorded in some way. Organize it later.

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57
Q

Mind or Concept Mapping

A

Start with a central idea and draw a “map” with lines from the centre to other related ideas, forming a visual representation of the concepts and their connections.

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58
Q

Language

A

A system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others.

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59
Q

Grammer

A

The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language.

60
Q

Syntax

A

The system of rules of combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.

61
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest units of meaning within a language.

62
Q

Semantics

A

The rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences.

63
Q

Phonemes

A

The basic units of sound in language

64
Q

Pragmatics

A

Aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language.

65
Q

Murder while sleepwalking

A

Sleep walking has been used as a defence in several cases of murder. In some of these cases, the defendant has been acquitted because of the sleepwalking defence.

66
Q

TTCT was created by?

A

Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking was created by E. Paul Torrance

67
Q

What are the 3 components of TTCT’s

A
  • Thinking critically with pictures
  • Figural TTCT
  • Verbal TTCT
68
Q

Who proposed that language controls and helps the development of thought processes and concepts, an idea that is known as the linguistic relatively hypothesis?

A

Sapir and Whorf

69
Q

Human Development

A

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.

70
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.

71
Q

Cross-sectional Design

A

Research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time.

72
Q

Cross-sequential Design

A

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years.

73
Q

Nature

A

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

74
Q

Nurture

A

The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

75
Q

Genetics

A

the scientific study of inherited traits

76
Q

Dominant

A

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.

77
Q

Recessive

A

Referring to a gene that influences the expression of a trait only when paired with an identical gene.

78
Q

Ovum

A

the female sex, or egg

79
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of the ovum and sperm

80
Q

Zygote

A

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm.

81
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

“Identical” twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo.

82
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Often called fraternal twins, occurring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

83
Q

Germinal Period

A

First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

84
Q

Embryo

A

Name for the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization.

85
Q

Embryonic Period

A

The period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop.

86
Q

Critical Periods

A

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant.

87
Q

Teratogen

A

any factor that can cause a birth defect

88
Q

Fetal Period

A

The time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child.

89
Q

Fetus

A

Name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby.

90
Q

Teratogens: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

A

Blindness, deafness, heart defects, brain damage

91
Q

Teratogens: Marijuana

A

Irritability, nervousness, tremors; infant is easily disturbed, startled

92
Q

Teratogens: Cocaine

A

Decreased height, low birth weight, respiratory problems, seizures, learning difficulties; infant is difficult to soothe.

93
Q

Teratogens: Alcohol

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (intellectual disability, delayed, facial malformation), learning difficulties, smaller the normal heads.

94
Q

Teratogens: Nicotine

A

Miscarriage, low birth weight, stillbirth, short stature, intellectual disability, smaller than normal heads

95
Q

Teratogens: Mercury

A

Intellectual disability, blindness

96
Q

Teratogens: Vitamin A (high doses)

A

Facial, ear, central nervous system, and heart defects

97
Q

Teratogens: Caffeine

A

Miscarriage, low birth weight, stillbirth, short stature, intellectual disability, learning disabilities.

98
Q

Teratogens: Toxoplasmosis

A

Brain swelling, spinal abnormalities, deafness, blindness, intellectual disability

99
Q

Teratogens: High Water Temperatures

A

Increased chance of neural tube defects

100
Q

Cognitive Development

A

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

101
Q

Scheme

A

In the case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events.

102
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.

103
Q

Object Permanence

A

The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.

104
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world.

105
Q

Egocentrism

A

the inability to see that world through anyone else’s eyes

106
Q

Centration

A

in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring its other relevant features.

107
Q

Conservation

A

In Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the objects nature.

108
Q

Irreversibility

A

in Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action.

109
Q

Concrete Operations Stage

A

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking.

110
Q

Formal Operations Stage

A

Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking.

111
Q

Scaffolding

A

process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

112
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher.

113
Q

Stages of Language Development

A
  1. Cooing
  2. Babbling
  3. One-word Speech
  4. Telegraphic Speech
  5. Whole Sentences
114
Q

Cooing

A

At around 2 months of age, babies begin to make vowel-like sounds

115
Q

Babbling

A

At around 6 months, infants add consonant sounds to the vowels to make a babbling sound, which at times can almost sound like real speech.

(Deaf children actually decrease babbling after 6 months while using sign language more)

116
Q

One-word speech

A
  • Around 1 year old

- say actual words (holophrases -“one word”)

117
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A
  • Around a year and a half old

- make short simple sentences

118
Q

Whole Sentences

A
  • Preschool Years (Use grammatical terms & increase # of words in sentences)
  • Age 6 (nearly fluent allow less vocabulary than an adult)
119
Q

Temperament

A

The behavioural characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.

120
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver.

121
Q

Harlow and Contact Comfort

A

Rhesus monkey has two surrogate “mothers” one made of wire and one that is soft and fuzzy. The monkey spends all of its time with the soft, fuzzy one even though the wire one feeds it. This displays Harlow’s theory of the importance of contact comfort in attachment.

122
Q

Gender

A

The behaviour associated with being male or female

123
Q

Gender Identity

A

The individual’s sense of being male or female.

124
Q

Gender Roles

A

A culture’s expectations for masculine or feminine behaviour, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture.

125
Q

Opioids

A
  • substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects
  • used medically to relieve pain
  • examples are morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone and fentanyl
  • antagonist drugs such as naloxone and endogenous peptides such as the endorphins
126
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self supporting adult.

127
Q

Puberty

A

The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak.

128
Q

Personal Fable

A

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm.

129
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescents thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are.

130
Q

Ageism

A

Discrimination against individuals because of their age.

131
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability.

132
Q

Andropause

A

Gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle aged males.

133
Q

Intimacy

A

An emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care while still remaining a sense of self l.

134
Q

Generativity

A

Providing guidance to one’s children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work.

135
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child.

136
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

Style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any, demands on a child’s behaviour.

137
Q

Permissive Neglectful

A

Permissive parenting in which parents are uninvolved with a child or child’s behaviour.

138
Q

Permissive Indulgent l

A

Permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits.

139
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

Style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behaviour.

140
Q

Integrity

A

Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego.

141
Q

Activity Theory

A

Theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby.

142
Q

Motivation

A

The process to which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or physiological needs or wants are met.

143
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

144
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal matter.

145
Q

Instincts

A

The biologically determined and innate patterns of behaviour that exist in both people and animals.

146
Q

Instinct Approach

A

Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals.

Psych 121 (2 decks)

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