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FISH 250 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Zones of the ocean

A

Epipelagic (photic/euphotic zone)
Mesopelagic (twilight zone)
Bathypelagic (midnight zone)
Abyssopelagic (the abyss/abyssal benthic zone)
Hadalpelagic (the trenches/hadal benthic zone)

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2
Q

Sinking rate of an organism

A

Sinking rate= (density of organism-density of the water)/(surface resistance of organism x viscosity of water)

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3
Q

Reynold’s number (Re)

A

Re=inertial forces/viscous foces

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4
Q

Gape limitation

A

How big an organism’s mouth can open

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5
Q

Vertical migration

A

Living in the dark during the day, traveling to epipelagic at night to feed

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6
Q

Countershading

A

Darker dorsal (top) pigmentation and lighter ventral (bottom) pigmentation. Makes organisms blend in when viewed from above or below

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7
Q

Epipelagic zone

A

Top layer of the ocean, lots of sunlight, high productivity. AKA Photic zone, euphotic zone

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8
Q

Mesopelagic zone

A

Second layer of the ocean, some light penetrates, contains thermocline and oxygen minimum zone

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9
Q

Bathypelagic zone

A

Midnight zone, below mesopelagic.

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10
Q

Abyssopelagic zone

A

Below bathypelagic zone, comprises 80% of the ocean floor

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11
Q

Hadalpelagic zone

A

Ocean trenches, mostly unexplored

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12
Q

Bioluminescence

A

The production of light by a living organism

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13
Q

Photophores

A

Specialized light-producing organs

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14
Q

Counterillumination

A

The ability to control light intensity to blend in with surroundings

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15
Q

The Arctic Circle

A

Minimum latitude where there is at least 24 hrs of daylight/darkness at the solstices

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16
Q

Tree line

A

Northernmost point where trees can grow

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17
Q

July 10C isotherm

A

Imaginary line where temperatures don’t rise above 10 degrees C in July

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18
Q

Antarctic circle

A

minimum latitude where there is at least 24 hours of daylight/darkness at the solstices

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19
Q

Antarctic convergence

A

natural boundary that separates the cold antarctic waters from the relatively warmer subantarctic waters

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20
Q

Antarctic Circumpolar Current/West Wind Drift

A

Largest wind-driven current on earth

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21
Q

Antarctic Coastal Current/East Wind Drift

A

Moves opposite direction of West Wind Drift, creating a gyre in the Weddell Sea, generating upwelling

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22
Q

Albedo effect

A

Snow and ice’s ability to reflect the sun’s infrared energy

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23
Q

Sea ice maximum

A

Maximum extent of sea ice

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24
Q

Sea ice minimum

A

Minimum extent of sea ice

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25
Q

First year/annual ice

A

Thin ice that forms and melts annually

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26
Q

Multiyear ice

A

Thick ice that is 2+ years old, less biologically important since light can’t get through

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27
Q

Epontic species

A

Species that live on the underside of sea ice

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28
Q

Pelagic species

A

Species that live and feed in the water column

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29
Q

Benthic species

A

Species that live and feed in close association with the seafloor

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30
Q

Food chain

A

Linear representation of sequential predator-prey relationships

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31
Q

Food web

A

Complex of interacting food chains in an ecological community

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32
Q

Trophic level

A

Level within an ecosystem according to organisms’ means of obtaining nutrition

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33
Q

Trophic cascade

A

When predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation

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34
Q

Detritus

A

Dead stuff

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35
Q

Pneumatophores

A

Breathing roots of a mangrove tree

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36
Q

Prop roots

A

Supportive roots of a mangrove tree

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37
Q

Nematocysts

A

Stinging organelles characteristic of the class Cnidaria

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38
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

An organism acts as both sexes

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39
Q

Gonochoristic

A

An organism acts as only one sex, the sexes are separate

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40
Q

Planulae

A

Coral larvae

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41
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hairs used by planulae to swim

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42
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Symbiotic dinoflagellates that live within coral polyps and photosynthesize, providing food for the coral

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43
Q

Hermatypic corals

A

Build reefs

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44
Q

Ahermatypic corals

A

Do not build reefs

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45
Q

Spenothermic

A

Only acclimated to a narrow temperature range

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46
Q

Exploitative competition

A

Corals outgrowing and shading each other

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47
Q

Interference competition

A

Corals directly interacting with another individual or species

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48
Q

Sweeper tentacles

A

Tentacles of corals that are extra long and contain toxins. Attack and sting other corals

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49
Q

Coral bleaching

A

A stress response by corals where they release their zooxanthellae and become transparent, eventually dying

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50
Q

Tides

A

Daily predictable rising and falling of sea level; most important factor influencing life in the intertidal zone

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51
Q

High tides

A

When gravity pulls water into a bulge toward the moon and centrifugal force pulls it into a bulge away from the moon

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52
Q

Diurnal tide

A

Experiences one high and one low tide each day

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53
Q

Semidiurnal

A

Experiences two high and two low tides each day

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54
Q

Mixed tide

A

Semidiurnal tide when the high and low tides are different heights

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55
Q

Spring tide

A

A tide just after a new or full moon, where there is the greatest difference between high and low water

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56
Q

Neap tide

A

A tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is the least difference between high and low water

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57
Q

Littoral zone

A

intertidal zone

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58
Q

Desiccation

A

Water loss

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59
Q

Recruitment

A

The first species to get to a spot and are able to outcompete other species will take control of the spot

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60
Q

Competitive dominants

A

Species that win the competition for limiting resources

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61
Q

Epifauna

A

Benthic sand dwellers that live at the sediment-water interface (on the surface of the sand)

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62
Q

Infauna

A

Benthic sand dwellers that live in the benthic substrate (sand)

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63
Q

Budding

A

Form of asexual reproduction where an offspring begins to form within or on a parent. Process is complete when the identical offspring breaks free and begins to grow on its own

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64
Q

Fission

A

Form of asexual reproduction where an individual splits into two or more descendants

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65
Q

Fragmentation

A

Form of asexual reproduction where the organism splits into fragments and each fragment grows into a whole organism

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66
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Form of asexual reproduction where females produce offspring without fertilization by a male; and unfertilized egg develops into a new individual

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67
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The fusion of haploid gametes

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68
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which genetic information is halved

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69
Q

External fertilization

A

Individuals release their gametes synchronously

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70
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Sperm is deposited directly into the reproductive tracts of females

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71
Q

r

A

growth rate; intrinsic rate of natural increase in population size

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72
Q

K

A

carrying capacity; environmental maximum load

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73
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement of an idea or explanation that you test through study and experimentation

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74
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables being tested. It is usually what the researcher will try to disprove.

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75
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that is contrary to the null hypothesis. It is usually the hypothesis that the researcher wants to accept.

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76
Q

Observational data

A

Data procured through observation

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77
Q

Experimental data

A

Data procured through experimentation

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78
Q

Order of the Linnaean System

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
Species
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79
Q

Taxon

A

A group of species that form a unit

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80
Q

Species

A

A group of closely related individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions

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81
Q

Evolution

A

Changing of species over time

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82
Q

Requirements for evolution by natural selection

A
  1. Individuals have heritable variations
  2. More individuals are produced each generation that can survive and reproduce
  3. Some individuals have traits that enable them to survive and reproduce better than others
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83
Q

Adaptation

A

A modification in structure, function, or behavior that results in increased ability to survive and reproduce a particular environment. Occurs over generations

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84
Q

Acclimation

A

When an organism becomes better suited to its environment in its lifetime

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85
Q

Sources of variation

A

Mutation, recombination, sexual reproduction

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86
Q

Ultimate source of variation

A

Mutation

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87
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Sponges; have spicules, are sessile filter feeders, lack true tissues and organs

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88
Q

Spicules

A

Spiky structures in the Phylum Porifera that provide structure and deter predators

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89
Q

Sessile

A

Stays in the same place

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90
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Jellies, sea anenomes, corals, and siphonophores; have nematocysts, single gut opening, soft-bodied or have calcium carbonate support structures

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91
Q

Nematocysts

A

Stinging cells, found in phylum cnidaria

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92
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies and sea gooseberries; planktonic, 8 rows of sticky cells

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93
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

Segmented worms; soft bodied, true gut

94
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Insects, chelicerates, and crustaceans; jointed legs, hard exoskeleton, molt, largest phylum in animal kingdom

95
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods; Second largest phylum, soft bodied but often encased in hard shell

96
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

Snails, nudibranch, sea slugs

97
Q

Class Bivalvia

A

Mussels, oysters, clams, scallops

98
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus

99
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Sea stars, brittle stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins; spiny skin, water vascular system, tube feet

100
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Must have (at some point during development):
pharyngeal gill slits
dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord

101
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

Tunicates, salps, larvaceans; do not have dorsal hollow nerve cord or notochord as adults

102
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

A

Chordates with backbones

103
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment and the effects of these interactions on their distribution and abundance

104
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks; class within subphylum vertebrata

105
Q

Class Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish; class within subphylum vertebrata

106
Q

Class Agnatha

A

Lampreys and hagfish; class within subphylum vertebrata

107
Q

Class Aves

A

Marine birds; class within subphylum vertebrata

108
Q

Class Mammalia

A

Marine mammals; class within subphylum vertebrata

109
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat at the same time, that interbreed

110
Q

Community

A

All the populations of different species living in the same ecosystem

111
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community and abiotic (nonliving) environment, interacting

112
Q

Symbiosis

A

Close interactions between organisms

113
Q

Parasitism

A

one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host (+/—)

114
Q

Mutualism

A

each individual benefits from the activity of the other (+/+)

115
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits from the other without affecting it (+/0)

116
Q

Predation

A

a predator feeds on its prey (+/-)

117
Q

High heat capacity of water

A

It takes a lot of heat to change water’s temp

118
Q

Electrosense

A

The ability of some animals to perceive electrical impulses using ampullary organs

119
Q

Viscosity

A

The measure of force needed to separate molecules (real H bonds) and allow an object to pass through the liquid

120
Q

Ectotherm/poikilotherm

A

Can not regulate their own body temperature; their metabolism is influenced by temperature

121
Q

Endotherm

A

Can regulate their own body temp and metabolism

122
Q

Thermocline

A

The region where temperature changes very quickly with depth

123
Q

Salinity

A

How much salt is dissolved in the water

124
Q

Currents

A

Water movements resulting in a horizontal transport of water, produced by wind

125
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

Movement of fluids, in relation to the earth beneath, results in deflections. Due to earth’s rotation. A combination of the direction you’re going and the direction the earth is spinning

126
Q

Gyres

A

Big circular current patterns

127
Q

Ekman spiral

A

The coriolis effect is stronger on the water’s surface, which means each deeper layer moves slower than and is deflected from the one above. Net water movement is perpendicular to the wind.

128
Q

Upwelling

A

When winds cause Edman transport to move surface water offshore, and then water below replaces the missing surface water. Brings nutrients from the deep to the surface.

129
Q

El Nino

A

Unusually warm sea surface temperature in the Equatorial pacific

130
Q

La Nina

A

Unusually cold sea surface temperature in the Equatorial pacific

131
Q

Thermohaline circulation

A

The oceanic conveyor belt, driven by density gradients

132
Q

Continental shelf

A

An underwater extension of the continent. Makes up 7-8% of the ocean. Covered with shallow water

133
Q

Continental slope

A

The steeper part of the continental shelf

134
Q

Abyssal plain

A

Makes up most of the ocean floor; flat, sediment-covered, monotonous

135
Q

Mid ocean ridge

A

An underwater mountain range formed by sea floor spreading at tectonic plates

136
Q

Crust

A

The planet’s outermost rocky shell

137
Q

Mantle

A

Most of Earth’s volume, crust floats on top of it

138
Q

Continental drift

A

The slow movement of tectonic plates

139
Q

Trenches

A

Extremely deep areas formed by subduction

140
Q

Subduction

A

When the edge of one plate dives below another and is transformed back into mantle

141
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A

Site of unique biology where the crust is cracked, allowing water to seep into the mantle and become superheated and filled with reduced chemical compounds

142
Q

Halocline

A

Depth zone where salinity changes rapidly

143
Q

Pycnocline

A

Depth zone where water density changes rapidly`

144
Q

Nekton

A

Strong swimmers

145
Q

Plankton

A

Organisms that cannot swim against a current

146
Q

Autotroph

A

Primary producer using inorganic materials to synthesize organic energy sources (food)

147
Q

Heterotroph

A

Eat food, do not make it

148
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Drifting photosynthesizers

149
Q

Zooplankton

A

Drifting animals and protists

150
Q

Holoplankton

A

Spend their entire lives as plankton

151
Q

Meroplankton

A

Spend only part of their lives as plankton

152
Q

Bacterioplankton

A

Small prokaryotes; very abundant

153
Q

Viroplankton

A

Viruses and phages (viruses that infect bacteria); tiny but VERY abundant

154
Q

Net plankton

A

Plankton that you would catch in a very tight mesh net

155
Q

Diatoms

A

One of the two dominant kinds of phytoplankton. Class Bacillariophyceae; silicon dioxide frustules (skeletons) with two overlapping shells

156
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

One of the two dominant kinds of phytoplankton. Class Dinophyceae; swim using glagella

157
Q

Primary production

A

Formation of energy-rich organic compounds from inorganic materials

158
Q

Gross primary production

A

Total amount of primary production

159
Q

Net primary production

A

Amount produced left after the photosynthesizer meets its own needs (respiration)

160
Q

Standing crop

A

Total amount of biomass present in a given amount of water at a given time

161
Q

Compensation depth

A

Depth where the rate of photosynthesis exactly equals the rate of respiration

162
Q

Oxygen minimum zone

A

Area below compensation depth where there is less photosynthesis than there is respiration

163
Q

Critical depth

A

Depth to which total phytoplankton biomass may be circulated and still spend enough time above the compensation depth to have the total amount of production over a 24-hr time period equal to its respiration during the same period

164
Q

Detritivores

A

Feed on dead organic matter

165
Q

Keystone species

A

A species which is disproportionally important in the maintenance of community integrity and without which drastic alterations of the community would occur

166
Q

r strategists

A

Live in the exponential phase; small size; many offspring; early maturity; short life span; live in unstable condition

167
Q

K strategists

A

Can live in equilibrium with the environment. Always in plateau stage. Large size; few offspring; nurture offspring; long life; late maturity

168
Q

Sensory system

A

Part of the nervous system responsible for processing external stimuli

169
Q

Olfaction

A

Detecting dissolved chemicals–includes smell and taste

170
Q

Partial endothermy

A

The ability to regulate the temperature of the eyes and brain to protect them

171
Q

Homing

A

Returning to a place for breeding/giving birth/etc. Do this by using senses including olfaction and magnetic reception

172
Q

Otolith

A

A bony mass in fish inner ear used for hearing and balance. Sits atop little hairs, vibrations cause it to move relative to the hairs

173
Q

Barbels

A

Chemosensory whiskers

174
Q

Lateral line

A

A line of small tubes open to the water that is used to detect pressure changes and distant touch

175
Q

Setae

A

Little hairs on lobsters that go through the carapace and function as chemo- and mechanoreceptors

176
Q

Electroreception

A

The ability to detect weak electric fields given off by live organisms

177
Q

Ampullary organs

A

Organs that detect low-frequency electrical fields; example: Ampullae of Lorenzini (found in sharks)

178
Q

Respiration

A

The physical and chemical process of gas exchange

179
Q

Ventilation

A

The mechanical process of putting gas exchange structure in contact with the exchange medium

180
Q

Myoglobin

A

Has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin; found in diving marine mammals

181
Q

Gill

A

A specialized structure with high surface area used for breathing in aquatic animals

182
Q

Countercurrent gas exchange

A

Water flows in one direction, blood flows the opposite direction for maximum oxygen extraction.

183
Q

Ram ventilation

A

Swimming with mouth open to allow water to flow through the mouth and across the gills. Used by cartilaginous fishes. Passive method of ventilation.

184
Q

Spiracle

A

Small holes behind each eye that open to the mouth, which help keep sediment out of mouth/gills during ram ventilation

185
Q

Buccal pump

A

Fish opening and closing their mouth and operculum which pulls water in and over the gills. Active method of ventilation.

186
Q

Operculum

A

Gill cover

187
Q

Radula`

A

Part of the GI tract that collects metals as it matures and develops teeth. Used to feed on diatoms, algae, etc.

188
Q

Fusiform

A

Streamlined, torpedo-like body shape. Efficient, fast-swimming predators that live in open water.

189
Q

Compressiform

A

Compressed side-to-side body shape. Quick burst of speed over short distances, specialized for maneuvering.

190
Q

Depressiform

A

Compressed top-to-bottom body shape. Live on bottom, slow.

191
Q

Filiform

A

Elongated, snakelike body shape. Live in soft sediment or under rocks, slow.

192
Q

Dorsal fin

A

On the back; unpaired; used for stability, sudden turns and stops

193
Q

Adipose fin

A

On the back; unpaired; soft, fleshy, unknown use

194
Q

Pectoral fin

A

Behind operculum; paired; controls yaw and pitch and acts as brakes

195
Q

Pelvic fin

A

Ventrally located; paired; going up and down, sharp turns, stops

196
Q

Anal fin

A

Behind anus; unpaired; stabilization

197
Q

Caudal fin

A

Tail fin; used for locomotion

198
Q

Homocercal caudal fin

A

Symmetrical

199
Q

Heterocercal caudal fin

A

Unsymmetrical

200
Q

Aspect ratio

A

(caudal fin height)^2 /caudal fin area

201
Q

Undulatory swimming

A

Thrust produced by wave-length movements of the whole body

202
Q

Oscillatory swimming

A

Thrust produced from swiveling of the tail fin

203
Q

Moderately exploited

A

under-fished

204
Q

Fully exploited

A

maximum sustainable yield

205
Q

Overexploited

A

not sustainable

206
Q

Depleted

A

no longer a viable fishery

207
Q

Recovering

A

previously overexploited or depleted

208
Q

Ocean acidification

A

The decrease in pH of the ocean based on anthropogenic inputs of CO2 into the atmosphere, which increases the concentration of CO2 in the water

209
Q

Saturation

A

The point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of it will appear as precipitate

210
Q

Aragonite and calcite

A

Two forms of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate). Usually surface waters are supersaturated with these minerals. Aragonite is more prone to dissolution than calcite.

211
Q

Alkalinity

A

The amount of dissolved ions in water that can accept H+ ions and take them out of solutions. Controls a solutions ability to buffer itself against pH changes.

212
Q

Lysocline

A

Depth where the dissolution rate of calcium carbonate rapidly changes.

213
Q

Carbonate compensation depth

A

Where the calcium carbonate supply rate is equal to the rate of dissolution (no CaCO3 is deposited.)

214
Q

Sustainability

A

The sustained practice over a long period of time during which the culture practice and environment are not compromised.

215
Q

Bycatch

A

Unwanted species that are caught when fishing

216
Q

Aquaculture

A

The culturing or rearing of freshwater, estuarine, or marine species under varying levels of control to increase the amount of food or product available

217
Q

Intensive aquaculture

A

Controlling of the entire life cycle by humans

218
Q

Extensive aquaculture

A

More ecosystem-based, less human controlling

219
Q

Disease

A

An alteration from the normal state

220
Q

Parasite

A

An organism (often microbial) that is metabolically dependent on its host

221
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that is able to cause disease

222
Q

Infectious

A

transmissible

223
Q

Virulence

A

Characteristics of the pathogen that allow it to infect, multiply, and spread in or among hosts

224
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause disease within a host

225
Q

EIDs

A

A disease that has recently

  • increased in incidence
  • increased geographic range
  • shifted hosts
226
Q

Two common causes of disease emergence

A
  1. Spillover and spillback

2. Pathogen pollution

227
Q

Spillover

A

Movement of disease from cultured to wild

228
Q

Spillback

A

Movement of disease from wild to cultured

229
Q

Pathogen pollution

A

Human movement of pathogens to new areas; global transport of cultured animals and products

230
Q

Knock-on effect

A

When disease creates a trophic cascade

231
Q

Invasion ecology

A

Exploration of the causes and consequences of biological invasions

232
Q

Non-native species

A

Species established outside of their native range

FISH 250 (1 decks)

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