Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Zones of the ocean
A
Epipelagic (photic/euphotic zone)
Mesopelagic (twilight zone)
Bathypelagic (midnight zone)
Abyssopelagic (the abyss/abyssal benthic zone)
Hadalpelagic (the trenches/hadal benthic zone)
2
Q
Sinking rate of an organism
A
Sinking rate= (density of organism-density of the water)/(surface resistance of organism x viscosity of water)
3
Q
Reynold’s number (Re)
A
Re=inertial forces/viscous foces
4
Q
Gape limitation
A
How big an organism’s mouth can open
5
Q
Vertical migration
A
Living in the dark during the day, traveling to epipelagic at night to feed
6
Q
Countershading
A
Darker dorsal (top) pigmentation and lighter ventral (bottom) pigmentation. Makes organisms blend in when viewed from above or below
7
Q
Epipelagic zone
A
Top layer of the ocean, lots of sunlight, high productivity. AKA Photic zone, euphotic zone
8
Q
Mesopelagic zone
A
Second layer of the ocean, some light penetrates, contains thermocline and oxygen minimum zone
9
Q
Bathypelagic zone
A
Midnight zone, below mesopelagic.
10
Q
Abyssopelagic zone
A
Below bathypelagic zone, comprises 80% of the ocean floor
11
Q
Hadalpelagic zone
A
Ocean trenches, mostly unexplored
12
Q
Bioluminescence
A
The production of light by a living organism
13
Q
Photophores
A
Specialized light-producing organs
14
Q
Counterillumination
A
The ability to control light intensity to blend in with surroundings
15
Q
The Arctic Circle
A
Minimum latitude where there is at least 24 hrs of daylight/darkness at the solstices
16
Q
Tree line
A
Northernmost point where trees can grow
17
Q
July 10C isotherm
A
Imaginary line where temperatures don’t rise above 10 degrees C in July
18
Q
Antarctic circle
A
minimum latitude where there is at least 24 hours of daylight/darkness at the solstices
19
Q
Antarctic convergence
A
natural boundary that separates the cold antarctic waters from the relatively warmer subantarctic waters
20
Q
Antarctic Circumpolar Current/West Wind Drift
A
Largest wind-driven current on earth
21
Q
Antarctic Coastal Current/East Wind Drift
A
Moves opposite direction of West Wind Drift, creating a gyre in the Weddell Sea, generating upwelling
22
Q
Albedo effect
A
Snow and ice’s ability to reflect the sun’s infrared energy
23
Q
Sea ice maximum
A
Maximum extent of sea ice
24
Q
Sea ice minimum
A
Minimum extent of sea ice
25
First year/annual ice
Thin ice that forms and melts annually
26
Multiyear ice
Thick ice that is 2+ years old, less biologically important since light can't get through
27
Epontic species
Species that live on the underside of sea ice
28
Pelagic species
Species that live and feed in the water column
29
Benthic species
Species that live and feed in close association with the seafloor
30
Food chain
Linear representation of sequential predator-prey relationships
31
Food web
Complex of interacting food chains in an ecological community
32
Trophic level
Level within an ecosystem according to organisms' means of obtaining nutrition
33
Trophic cascade
When predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation
34
Detritus
Dead stuff
35
Pneumatophores
Breathing roots of a mangrove tree
36
Prop roots
Supportive roots of a mangrove tree
37
Nematocysts
Stinging organelles characteristic of the class Cnidaria
38
Hermaphroditic
An organism acts as both sexes
39
Gonochoristic
An organism acts as only one sex, the sexes are separate
40
Planulae
Coral larvae
41
Cilia
Tiny hairs used by planulae to swim
42
Zooxanthellae
Symbiotic dinoflagellates that live within coral polyps and photosynthesize, providing food for the coral
43
Hermatypic corals
Build reefs
44
Ahermatypic corals
Do not build reefs
45
Spenothermic
Only acclimated to a narrow temperature range
46
Exploitative competition
Corals outgrowing and shading each other
47
Interference competition
Corals directly interacting with another individual or species
48
Sweeper tentacles
Tentacles of corals that are extra long and contain toxins. Attack and sting other corals
49
Coral bleaching
A stress response by corals where they release their zooxanthellae and become transparent, eventually dying
50
Tides
Daily predictable rising and falling of sea level; most important factor influencing life in the intertidal zone
51
High tides
When gravity pulls water into a bulge toward the moon and centrifugal force pulls it into a bulge away from the moon
52
Diurnal tide
Experiences one high and one low tide each day
53
Semidiurnal
Experiences two high and two low tides each day
54
Mixed tide
Semidiurnal tide when the high and low tides are different heights
55
Spring tide
A tide just after a new or full moon, where there is the greatest difference between high and low water
56
Neap tide
A tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is the least difference between high and low water
57
Littoral zone
intertidal zone
58
Desiccation
Water loss
59
Recruitment
The first species to get to a spot and are able to outcompete other species will take control of the spot
60
Competitive dominants
Species that win the competition for limiting resources
61
Epifauna
Benthic sand dwellers that live at the sediment-water interface (on the surface of the sand)
62
Infauna
Benthic sand dwellers that live in the benthic substrate (sand)
63
Budding
Form of asexual reproduction where an offspring begins to form within or on a parent. Process is complete when the identical offspring breaks free and begins to grow on its own
64
Fission
Form of asexual reproduction where an individual splits into two or more descendants
65
Fragmentation
Form of asexual reproduction where the organism splits into fragments and each fragment grows into a whole organism
66
Parthenogenesis
Form of asexual reproduction where females produce offspring without fertilization by a male; and unfertilized egg develops into a new individual
67
Sexual reproduction
The fusion of haploid gametes
68
Meiosis
The process by which genetic information is halved
69
External fertilization
Individuals release their gametes synchronously
70
Internal fertilization
Sperm is deposited directly into the reproductive tracts of females
71
r
growth rate; intrinsic rate of natural increase in population size
72
K
carrying capacity; environmental maximum load
73
Hypothesis
A statement of an idea or explanation that you test through study and experimentation
74
Null hypothesis
A hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables being tested. It is usually what the researcher will try to disprove.
75
Alternate hypothesis
The hypothesis that is contrary to the null hypothesis. It is usually the hypothesis that the researcher wants to accept.
76
Observational data
Data procured through observation
77
Experimental data
Data procured through experimentation
78
Order of the Linnaean System
```
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
Species
```
79
Taxon
A group of species that form a unit
80
Species
A group of closely related individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions
81
Evolution
Changing of species over time
82
Requirements for evolution by natural selection
1. Individuals have heritable variations
2. More individuals are produced each generation that can survive and reproduce
3. Some individuals have traits that enable them to survive and reproduce better than others
83
Adaptation
A modification in structure, function, or behavior that results in increased ability to survive and reproduce a particular environment. Occurs over generations
84
Acclimation
When an organism becomes better suited to its environment in its lifetime
85
Sources of variation
Mutation, recombination, sexual reproduction
86
Ultimate source of variation
Mutation
87
Phylum Porifera
Sponges; have spicules, are sessile filter feeders, lack true tissues and organs
88
Spicules
Spiky structures in the Phylum Porifera that provide structure and deter predators
89
Sessile
Stays in the same place
90
Phylum Cnidaria
Jellies, sea anenomes, corals, and siphonophores; have nematocysts, single gut opening, soft-bodied or have calcium carbonate support structures
91
Nematocysts
Stinging cells, found in phylum cnidaria
92
Phylum Ctenophora
Comb jellies and sea gooseberries; planktonic, 8 rows of sticky cells
93
Phylum Annelida
Segmented worms; soft bodied, true gut
94
Phylum Arthropoda
Insects, chelicerates, and crustaceans; jointed legs, hard exoskeleton, molt, largest phylum in animal kingdom
95
Phylum Mollusca
Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods; Second largest phylum, soft bodied but often encased in hard shell
96
Class Gastropoda
Snails, nudibranch, sea slugs
97
Class Bivalvia
Mussels, oysters, clams, scallops
98
Class Cephalopoda
Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
99
Phylum Echinodermata
Sea stars, brittle stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins; spiny skin, water vascular system, tube feet
100
Phylum Chordata
Must have (at some point during development):
pharyngeal gill slits
dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord
101
Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates, salps, larvaceans; do not have dorsal hollow nerve cord or notochord as adults
102
Subphylum Vertebrata
Chordates with backbones
103
Ecology
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment and the effects of these interactions on their distribution and abundance
104
Class Chondrichthyes
Sharks; class within subphylum vertebrata
105
Class Osteichthyes
Bony fish; class within subphylum vertebrata
106
Class Agnatha
Lampreys and hagfish; class within subphylum vertebrata
107
Class Aves
Marine birds; class within subphylum vertebrata
108
Class Mammalia
Marine mammals; class within subphylum vertebrata
109
Population
A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat at the same time, that interbreed
110
Community
All the populations of different species living in the same ecosystem
111
Ecosystem
Community and abiotic (nonliving) environment, interacting
112
Symbiosis
Close interactions between organisms
113
Parasitism
one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host (+/—)
114
Mutualism
each individual benefits from the activity of the other (+/+)
115
Commensalism
one organism benefits from the other without affecting it (+/0)
116
Predation
a predator feeds on its prey (+/-)
117
High heat capacity of water
It takes a lot of heat to change water's temp
118
Electrosense
The ability of some animals to perceive electrical impulses using ampullary organs
119
Viscosity
The measure of force needed to separate molecules (real H bonds) and allow an object to pass through the liquid
120
Ectotherm/poikilotherm
Can not regulate their own body temperature; their metabolism is influenced by temperature
121
Endotherm
Can regulate their own body temp and metabolism
122
Thermocline
The region where temperature changes very quickly with depth
123
Salinity
How much salt is dissolved in the water
124
Currents
Water movements resulting in a horizontal transport of water, produced by wind
125
Coriolis Effect
Movement of fluids, in relation to the earth beneath, results in deflections. Due to earth's rotation. A combination of the direction you're going and the direction the earth is spinning
126
Gyres
Big circular current patterns
127
Ekman spiral
The coriolis effect is stronger on the water's surface, which means each deeper layer moves slower than and is deflected from the one above. Net water movement is perpendicular to the wind.
128
Upwelling
When winds cause Edman transport to move surface water offshore, and then water below replaces the missing surface water. Brings nutrients from the deep to the surface.
129
El Nino
Unusually warm sea surface temperature in the Equatorial pacific
130
La Nina
Unusually cold sea surface temperature in the Equatorial pacific
131
Thermohaline circulation
The oceanic conveyor belt, driven by density gradients
132
Continental shelf
An underwater extension of the continent. Makes up 7-8% of the ocean. Covered with shallow water
133
Continental slope
The steeper part of the continental shelf
134
Abyssal plain
Makes up most of the ocean floor; flat, sediment-covered, monotonous
135
Mid ocean ridge
An underwater mountain range formed by sea floor spreading at tectonic plates
136
Crust
The planet's outermost rocky shell
137
Mantle
Most of Earth's volume, crust floats on top of it
138
Continental drift
The slow movement of tectonic plates
139
Trenches
Extremely deep areas formed by subduction
140
Subduction
When the edge of one plate dives below another and is transformed back into mantle
141
Hydrothermal vents
Site of unique biology where the crust is cracked, allowing water to seep into the mantle and become superheated and filled with reduced chemical compounds
142
Halocline
Depth zone where salinity changes rapidly
143
Pycnocline
Depth zone where water density changes rapidly`
144
Nekton
Strong swimmers
145
Plankton
Organisms that cannot swim against a current
146
Autotroph
Primary producer using inorganic materials to synthesize organic energy sources (food)
147
Heterotroph
Eat food, do not make it
148
Phytoplankton
Drifting photosynthesizers
149
Zooplankton
Drifting animals and protists
150
Holoplankton
Spend their entire lives as plankton
151
Meroplankton
Spend only part of their lives as plankton
152
Bacterioplankton
Small prokaryotes; very abundant
153
Viroplankton
Viruses and phages (viruses that infect bacteria); tiny but VERY abundant
154
Net plankton
Plankton that you would catch in a very tight mesh net
155
Diatoms
One of the two dominant kinds of phytoplankton. Class Bacillariophyceae; silicon dioxide frustules (skeletons) with two overlapping shells
156
Dinoflagellates
One of the two dominant kinds of phytoplankton. Class Dinophyceae; swim using glagella
157
Primary production
Formation of energy-rich organic compounds from inorganic materials
158
Gross primary production
Total amount of primary production
159
Net primary production
Amount produced left after the photosynthesizer meets its own needs (respiration)
160
Standing crop
Total amount of biomass present in a given amount of water at a given time
161
Compensation depth
Depth where the rate of photosynthesis exactly equals the rate of respiration
162
Oxygen minimum zone
Area below compensation depth where there is less photosynthesis than there is respiration
163
Critical depth
Depth to which total phytoplankton biomass may be circulated and still spend enough time above the compensation depth to have the total amount of production over a 24-hr time period equal to its respiration during the same period
164
Detritivores
Feed on dead organic matter
165
Keystone species
A species which is disproportionally important in the maintenance of community integrity and without which drastic alterations of the community would occur
166
r strategists
Live in the exponential phase; small size; many offspring; early maturity; short life span; live in unstable condition
167
K strategists
Can live in equilibrium with the environment. Always in plateau stage. Large size; few offspring; nurture offspring; long life; late maturity
168
Sensory system
Part of the nervous system responsible for processing external stimuli
169
Olfaction
Detecting dissolved chemicals--includes smell and taste
170
Partial endothermy
The ability to regulate the temperature of the eyes and brain to protect them
171
Homing
Returning to a place for breeding/giving birth/etc. Do this by using senses including olfaction and magnetic reception
172
Otolith
A bony mass in fish inner ear used for hearing and balance. Sits atop little hairs, vibrations cause it to move relative to the hairs
173
Barbels
Chemosensory whiskers
174
Lateral line
A line of small tubes open to the water that is used to detect pressure changes and distant touch
175
Setae
Little hairs on lobsters that go through the carapace and function as chemo- and mechanoreceptors
176
Electroreception
The ability to detect weak electric fields given off by live organisms
177
Ampullary organs
Organs that detect low-frequency electrical fields; example: Ampullae of Lorenzini (found in sharks)
178
Respiration
The physical and chemical process of gas exchange
179
Ventilation
The mechanical process of putting gas exchange structure in contact with the exchange medium
180
Myoglobin
Has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin; found in diving marine mammals
181
Gill
A specialized structure with high surface area used for breathing in aquatic animals
182
Countercurrent gas exchange
Water flows in one direction, blood flows the opposite direction for maximum oxygen extraction.
183
Ram ventilation
Swimming with mouth open to allow water to flow through the mouth and across the gills. Used by cartilaginous fishes. Passive method of ventilation.
184
Spiracle
Small holes behind each eye that open to the mouth, which help keep sediment out of mouth/gills during ram ventilation
185
Buccal pump
Fish opening and closing their mouth and operculum which pulls water in and over the gills. Active method of ventilation.
186
Operculum
Gill cover
187
Radula`
Part of the GI tract that collects metals as it matures and develops teeth. Used to feed on diatoms, algae, etc.
188
Fusiform
Streamlined, torpedo-like body shape. Efficient, fast-swimming predators that live in open water.
189
Compressiform
Compressed side-to-side body shape. Quick burst of speed over short distances, specialized for maneuvering.
190
Depressiform
Compressed top-to-bottom body shape. Live on bottom, slow.
191
Filiform
Elongated, snakelike body shape. Live in soft sediment or under rocks, slow.
192
Dorsal fin
On the back; unpaired; used for stability, sudden turns and stops
193
Adipose fin
On the back; unpaired; soft, fleshy, unknown use
194
Pectoral fin
Behind operculum; paired; controls yaw and pitch and acts as brakes
195
Pelvic fin
Ventrally located; paired; going up and down, sharp turns, stops
196
Anal fin
Behind anus; unpaired; stabilization
197
Caudal fin
Tail fin; used for locomotion
198
Homocercal caudal fin
Symmetrical
199
Heterocercal caudal fin
Unsymmetrical
200
Aspect ratio
(caudal fin height)^2 /caudal fin area
201
Undulatory swimming
Thrust produced by wave-length movements of the whole body
202
Oscillatory swimming
Thrust produced from swiveling of the tail fin
203
Moderately exploited
under-fished
204
Fully exploited
maximum sustainable yield
205
Overexploited
not sustainable
206
Depleted
no longer a viable fishery
207
Recovering
previously overexploited or depleted
208
Ocean acidification
The decrease in pH of the ocean based on anthropogenic inputs of CO2 into the atmosphere, which increases the concentration of CO2 in the water
209
Saturation
The point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of it will appear as precipitate
210
Aragonite and calcite
Two forms of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate). Usually surface waters are supersaturated with these minerals. Aragonite is more prone to dissolution than calcite.
211
Alkalinity
The amount of dissolved ions in water that can accept H+ ions and take them out of solutions. Controls a solutions ability to buffer itself against pH changes.
212
Lysocline
Depth where the dissolution rate of calcium carbonate rapidly changes.
213
Carbonate compensation depth
Where the calcium carbonate supply rate is equal to the rate of dissolution (no CaCO3 is deposited.)
214
Sustainability
The sustained practice over a long period of time during which the culture practice and environment are not compromised.
215
Bycatch
Unwanted species that are caught when fishing
216
Aquaculture
The culturing or rearing of freshwater, estuarine, or marine species under varying levels of control to increase the amount of food or product available
217
Intensive aquaculture
Controlling of the entire life cycle by humans
218
Extensive aquaculture
More ecosystem-based, less human controlling
219
Disease
An alteration from the normal state
220
Parasite
An organism (often microbial) that is metabolically dependent on its host
221
Pathogen
An organism that is able to cause disease
222
Infectious
transmissible
223
Virulence
Characteristics of the pathogen that allow it to infect, multiply, and spread in or among hosts
224
Pathogenicity
The ability to cause disease within a host
225
EIDs
A disease that has recently
- increased in incidence
- increased geographic range
- shifted hosts
226
Two common causes of disease emergence
1. Spillover and spillback
| 2. Pathogen pollution
227
Spillover
Movement of disease from cultured to wild
228
Spillback
Movement of disease from wild to cultured
229
Pathogen pollution
Human movement of pathogens to new areas; global transport of cultured animals and products
230
Knock-on effect
When disease creates a trophic cascade
231
Invasion ecology
Exploration of the causes and consequences of biological invasions
232
Non-native species
Species established outside of their native range
