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Bio 302 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Multifactorial trait

A

Traits that result from the interaction of one or more environmental factors and two or more genes.

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2
Q

Heritability

A

An expression of how much of the observed variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype.

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3
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Traits controlled by two or more genes.

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4
Q

Concordance

A

Agreement between traits exhibited by both twins.

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5
Q

Genome-Wide Association Study

A

Analysis of genetic variation across an entire genome, searching for associations (link- ages) between variations in DNA sequence and a genome region encoding a speci c phenotype.

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6
Q

Molecular marker

A

a segments of DNA that is found at a specific site in the genome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as gel electrophoresis

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7
Q

SNP

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

Single nucleotide differ- ences between and among indi- viduals in a population or species.

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8
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Measures the degree of interdependence of two or more variables.

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9
Q

Haplotype

A

A set of genetic markers located close together on a single chromosome or chromo- some region.

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10
Q

MZ twins

A

Twins derived from a single fertilization involv- ing one egg and one sperm; such twins are genetically identical.

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11
Q

DZ twins

A

Twins derived from two separate and nearly simultane- ous fertilizations, each involving one egg and one sperm. Such twins share, on average, 50% of their genes.

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12
Q

Adoption studies

A

twin studies seperate twins at birth same genes different environment
adoption and natural child same environment different genes

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13
Q

Threshold model

A

genetic factors contributing to a certain phenotype but only shows that phenotype when pushed past the threshold by environmental or genetic factors

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14
Q

Continuous vs Discontinuous

A

-Discontinuous variation
Phe- notypes that fall into two or more distinct, nonoverlapping classes.

-Continuous variation
A distribu- tion of phenotypic characters that is distributed from one extreme to another in an overlapping, or continuous, fashion.

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15
Q

Distribution

A

Genetics variance

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16
Q

Environmental variance

A

the phenotypic variance of a trait in a population that is attributed to differences in the environment

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17
Q

Epigenetics

A

Epigenetics Reversible chemical modi cations of chromosomal DNA (such as methylation of bases) and/or associated histone proteins that change the pattern of gene expression without affecting the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.

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18
Q

Twin studies

Twins reared apart

A

The use of twins as a means of measuring the heritability, often using twin studies.

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19
Q

CHAPTER 6/7

A

CHAPTER 6/7

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20
Q

Sex linked trait

A

traits that directly correlate with sex chromosomes

color blindness

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21
Q

Hemizygous

A

A gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and the dominant conditions.

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22
Q

Intersex

A

b

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23
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

In humans, the X and Y chromosomes that are involved in sex determination.

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24
Q

SRY gene

A

called the sex determining region of the Y located near the end of the short arm of the Y chromosome that plays a major role in causing the undifferentiated gonad to develop into testes

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25
Dosage compensation
a mechanism that regulates the expression of sex linked traits
26
Sex-limited trait
loci that produce a phenotype in only one sex | precocious puberty
27
Barr Body
A densely staining mass in the somatic nuclei of mammalian females; an inacti- voted X chromosome
28
Turner Syndrome
A monosomy of the X chromosome (45,X) that results in female sterility.
29
Aneuploidy
A chromosomal num- ber that is not an exact multiple of the haploid set
30
Androgen Insensitivity
AnX-linkedgenetictrait that causes XY individuals to develop into phenotypic females.
31
Genomic imprinting
Selective expression of either the maternal | or paternal copy of a gene.
32
Pseudohermaphroditism
an autosomal genetic condition that causes XY individuals to develop the phenotypic sex of females
33
Xist RNA
coating over X chromosomes that turns off certain genes for X inactivation
34
Klinefelter Syndrome
47,XXY (or more X'es). 1:600 newborns males. Tall stature, eunochoid proportions, small testes, gynecomastia, low testosteron, high gonadotropins, sterility. borderline intelligence, speech delays, poor self-image, shyness.
35
Trisomy
A condition in which one chromosome is present in three copies, whereas all others are diploid; having one more than the diploid number (2n + 1).
36
Testosterone
A steroid hormone produced by the testis; the male sex hormone.
37
Parent of origin effect
Phenotypic effect of gene depends on which parent it originate from
38
Transcription factor
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
39
Sex-influenced trait
Traits controlled by autosomal genes that are usually dominant in one sex but recessive in the other Ex: Pattern baldness
40
Gender
How you identify
41
Monosomy
A condition in which one member of a chromosomal pair is missing; having one less than the diploid number (2n – 1).
42
Karyotype
A complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell differentiation and has been arranged in a particular sequence
43
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 18
44
Model Organism
an organism that can be used to study biological functions of another organism, due to its genetic similarity
45
Schizophrenia
a behavioral disorder characterized by disordered thought processes and withdrawal from reality genetic and environmental factors are involved in this disease
46
Transgenic Animal
transfer of genes between species by recombinant DNA technology transgenic organisms have received such a gene
47
Drosophila
small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance
48
Synapse
A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
49
Bipolar Disorder
a bipolar disorder characterized by mood swings that vary between manic activity and depression
50
MAOA gene
mutation that doesnt allow the breaking down of neurotransmitters fast enough claimed to be an aggression gene
51
Concordance
agreement in traits exhibited by both twins
52
Neurotransmitter
chemical signals that carry nerve impulses across synapses in the brain and nervous system 
53
Alcoholism
behavioral disorder that causes over consumption of alcohol multifactorial traits with additive
54
FOXP2
Affects language single neuclotide change in FOXP2 changes a proteing altering the proteins function and resulting in language issues most active in fetal brains
55
Huntington Disease
disease in which affected huntinton genes in brain link with protteing rhes to form cytotoxic material that kills brain cells in two stratium and cerebral cortex
56
Epistasis
an interaction of two or more non allelic genes to control a single phenotype
57
Transcription Factor
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
58
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 19
59
Heterozygote advantage
Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool
60
Hardy-Weinberg
The Hardy-Weinberg Law can be used to: Estimate frequencies of autosomal dominant and recessive alleles in a population Detect when allele frequencies are shifting in a population (evolutionary change)
61
Mutation
any event that changes genetic structure
62
Founder Effect
Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.
63
Population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding.
64
Bottleneck
Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
65
Non-random mating
Sexual selection, Darwin thought equally important as natural selection, ex/ the peacock
66
Natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
67
Haplogroup
A particular set of alleles at some number of genetic loci that are transmitted together on the same chromosome.
68
Consanguineous
Fuck if I know
69
Allele frequency
Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene.
70
Genotype frequency
The proportion of a genotype among individuals in a population.
71
Lactose tolerance
To determine if the patient is deficient of the enzyme lactase. Drawn hourly intervals after the patient has ingested 100g of lactose dissolved in water.
72
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
73
Ancestry
A person's family or genetic line of descent.
74
Genetic drift
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of random events rather than natural selection.

Bio 302 (2 decks)

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