Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 302 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Multifactorial trait

A

Traits that result from the interaction of one or more environmental factors and two or more genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heritability

A

An expression of how much of the observed variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Traits controlled by two or more genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Concordance

A

Agreement between traits exhibited by both twins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genome-Wide Association Study

A

Analysis of genetic variation across an entire genome, searching for associations (link- ages) between variations in DNA sequence and a genome region encoding a speci c phenotype.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Molecular marker

A

a segments of DNA that is found at a specific site in the genome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SNP

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

Single nucleotide differ- ences between and among indi- viduals in a population or species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Measures the degree of interdependence of two or more variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Haplotype

A

A set of genetic markers located close together on a single chromosome or chromo- some region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MZ twins

A

Twins derived from a single fertilization involv- ing one egg and one sperm; such twins are genetically identical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DZ twins

A

Twins derived from two separate and nearly simultane- ous fertilizations, each involving one egg and one sperm. Such twins share, on average, 50% of their genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adoption studies

A

twin studies seperate twins at birth same genes different environment
adoption and natural child same environment different genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Threshold model

A

genetic factors contributing to a certain phenotype but only shows that phenotype when pushed past the threshold by environmental or genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Continuous vs Discontinuous

A

-Discontinuous variation
Phe- notypes that fall into two or more distinct, nonoverlapping classes.

-Continuous variation
A distribu- tion of phenotypic characters that is distributed from one extreme to another in an overlapping, or continuous, fashion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Distribution

A

Genetics variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Environmental variance

A

the phenotypic variance of a trait in a population that is attributed to differences in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epigenetics

A

Epigenetics Reversible chemical modi cations of chromosomal DNA (such as methylation of bases) and/or associated histone proteins that change the pattern of gene expression without affecting the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Twin studies

Twins reared apart

A

The use of twins as a means of measuring the heritability, often using twin studies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CHAPTER 6/7

A

CHAPTER 6/7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sex linked trait

A

traits that directly correlate with sex chromosomes

color blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hemizygous

A

A gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and the dominant conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Intersex

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

In humans, the X and Y chromosomes that are involved in sex determination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SRY gene

A

called the sex determining region of the Y located near the end of the short arm of the Y chromosome that plays a major role in causing the undifferentiated gonad to develop into testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dosage compensation

A

a mechanism that regulates the expression of sex linked traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sex-limited trait

A

loci that produce a phenotype in only one sex

precocious puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Barr Body

A

A densely staining mass in the somatic nuclei of mammalian females; an inacti- voted X chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

A monosomy of the X chromosome (45,X) that results in female sterility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Aneuploidy

A

A chromosomal num- ber that is not an exact multiple of the haploid set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Androgen Insensitivity

A

AnX-linkedgenetictrait that causes XY individuals to develop into phenotypic females.

31
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Selective expression of either the maternal

or paternal copy of a gene.

32
Q

Pseudohermaphroditism

A

an autosomal genetic condition that causes XY individuals to develop the phenotypic sex of females

33
Q

Xist RNA

A

coating over X chromosomes that turns off certain genes for X inactivation

34
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

47,XXY (or more X’es). 1:600 newborns males. Tall stature, eunochoid proportions, small testes, gynecomastia, low testosteron, high gonadotropins, sterility. borderline intelligence, speech delays, poor self-image, shyness.

35
Q

Trisomy

A

A condition in which one chromosome is present in three copies, whereas all others are diploid; having one more than the diploid number (2n + 1).

36
Q

Testosterone

A

A steroid hormone produced by the testis; the male sex hormone.

37
Q

Parent of origin effect

A

Phenotypic effect of gene depends on which parent it originate from

38
Q

Transcription factor

A

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes

39
Q

Sex-influenced trait

A

Traits controlled by autosomal genes that are usually dominant in one sex but recessive in the other

Ex: Pattern baldness

40
Q

Gender

A

How you identify

41
Q

Monosomy

A

A condition in which one member of a chromosomal pair is missing; having one less than the diploid number (2n – 1).

42
Q

Karyotype

A

A complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell differentiation and has been arranged in a particular sequence

43
Q

CHAPTER 18

A

CHAPTER 18

44
Q

Model Organism

A

an organism that can be used to study biological functions of another organism, due to its genetic similarity

45
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a behavioral disorder characterized by disordered thought processes and withdrawal from reality genetic and environmental factors are involved in this disease

46
Q

Transgenic Animal

A

transfer of genes between species by recombinant DNA technology transgenic organisms have received such a gene

47
Q

Drosophila

A

small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance

48
Q

Synapse

A

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

49
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

a bipolar disorder characterized by mood swings that vary between manic activity and depression

50
Q

MAOA gene

A

mutation that doesnt allow the breaking down of neurotransmitters fast enough claimed to be an aggression gene

51
Q

Concordance

A

agreement in traits exhibited by both twins

52
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical signals that carry nerve impulses across synapses in the brain and nervous system


53
Q

Alcoholism

A

behavioral disorder that causes over consumption of alcohol multifactorial traits with additive

54
Q

FOXP2

A

Affects language
single neuclotide change in FOXP2 changes a proteing altering the proteins function and resulting in language issues
most active in fetal brains

55
Q

Huntington Disease

A

disease in which affected huntinton genes in brain link with protteing rhes to form cytotoxic material that kills brain cells in two stratium and cerebral cortex

56
Q

Epistasis

A

an interaction of two or more non allelic genes to control a single phenotype

57
Q

Transcription Factor

A

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes

58
Q

CHAPTER 19

A

CHAPTER 19

59
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool

60
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

The Hardy-Weinberg Law can be used to:
Estimate frequencies of autosomal dominant and recessive alleles in a population
Detect when allele frequencies are shifting in a population (evolutionary change)

61
Q

Mutation

A

any event that changes genetic structure

62
Q

Founder Effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

63
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding.

64
Q

Bottleneck

A

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

65
Q

Non-random mating

A

Sexual selection, Darwin thought equally important as natural selection, ex/ the peacock

66
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

67
Q

Haplogroup

A

A particular set of alleles at some number of genetic loci that are transmitted together on the same chromosome.

68
Q

Consanguineous

A

Fuck if I know

69
Q

Allele frequency

A

Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene.

70
Q

Genotype frequency

A

The proportion of a genotype among individuals in a population.

71
Q

Lactose tolerance

A

To determine if the patient is deficient of the enzyme lactase. Drawn hourly intervals after the patient has ingested 100g of lactose dissolved in water.

72
Q

Migration

A

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

73
Q

Ancestry

A

A person’s family or genetic line of descent.

74
Q

Genetic drift

A

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of random events rather than natural selection.

Bio 302 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions