Midterm 2 Flashcards
Nervous system
define
general functions (3)
- A communication and control network that allows an organism to interact with its environment
- Sensory detection
- info processing
- expression of behaviour
Central nervous system made up of
brain and spinal cord
divisions of peripheral ns?
Afferent/sensory division
Afferent/motor division
What makes up the nervous system? (4)
- Neurons - functional unit
- Neuroglial cells - microglial, astrocytes, dendrocytes
- Blood vessels - provide nutrients and energy
- Connective tissue - provide support
Where does inhibitory and excitatory input go on neuron?
Inhibitory onto cell body and excitatory onto dendrites
Features of:
cell body
soma
dendrites
axons
axon hillock
neural network
- contain organelles
- factory of cell - makes proteins + membrane structures
- input transmission - carry info to neuron
- output transmission
- Important for AP generation - contains all necesary ion channels
- APs fire along neural network to ensure that NS functions properly
unpolar neurons dominant in
invertebrates
Bipolar neurons extend to?
One end to CNS and one to PNS
Carry info from PNS to CNS
pseudounipolar neurons
- develop from bipolar neurons
- One extension from cell body that divides
- One end to PNS and one to CNS
- Sensory neurons
Multipolar neurons
- Dominant in vertebrates
- One axon that carries info to muscle cells
Distribution of neurons in body
- 90% interneurons - multipolar, make connections
- 9% Motor neurons - mostly multipolar
- 1% sensory neurons - mostly bipolar and pseudounipolar. Carry info from receptor cells in sensory organ to upper level neurons
Axonal tranport
Fast:
Slow:
Anterograde:
Retrograde:
Importance:
- Dast transport for membrane bound organelles and mitochondria
- Slow transport for proteins
- Anterograde - from soma toward terminals. Uses kinesin
- Retrograde - from terminals toward soma. Uses dynien
- Important for neurotransmission bc many structure in cell body need to get to nerve terminal that can’t do it through diffusion
Why can Shingles affect the skn after many years latency?
- Caused by chicken pox firus
- Stays dormant in cells for many years after infection
- Virus can reactivate and will be transported from cell, down axon - affecting skin
Supportive matrix of CNS
provides local environment for nearons to function (neuroglia)
Neuroglia in CNS (list)
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependyomal cells
Astrocytes
Neuroglia in CNS
structural support, metabolic support, encourage NT uptake/release, nervous system repair, ion homeostasis, synaptic plasticity
Oligodendroglia
Neuroglia in CNS
myelination of CNS axons
Microglia
Neuroglia of CNS
- Immune defense => phagocytes
- Activated when CNS is injured, release factors to help with repair
Ependymal Cells
Neuroglia of CNS
produce cerebrospinal fluid
Neuroglia in PNS
- Satellite cells - function similarly to astrocytes (around the cell body)
- Schwaan cells - 1 group does myelin, other do debris clearance and nerve regeneration
Myelination in CNS vs PNS
- CNS - oligodendroglia. Single oligodendrocyte myelinates many axons
- PNS - Schwann Cells - Each cell myelinates only one axon
neurons vs neuroglia
Neurons
- Lots of brances, one long axon
- Can generate APs
- Cab regulate functions
- Can’t divide
Neuroglia
- Don’t branch extensively
- Not excitable
- Supporting unit of nerve cell
- Can divide - replication afected by tumors
What cells can give rise to brain tumors in the adult brain?
In infants?
Atrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependyoma
In infants: neuroblastoma
Grey matter
vs
white matter
soma and dendrites (axons, glial cells, capillaries)
acons (glial cells, capillaries). White bc of myelination







