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Archaeology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who claimed to find Noah’s Ark?

A

Cornuke (rock looks like wood), Wyatt (in Turkey)

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2
Q

When was the Black Sea actually flooded?

A

5500 BCE

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3
Q

Earlier flood stories come from which cultures?

A

Sumerian, Akkadian, Epic of Gilgamesh

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4
Q

Who claimed to find the Garden of Eden?

A

Sanders (in Turkey with NASA Satellite), Zarins (Persian Gulf), Rohl (Iran), Greenberg (Egypt)

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5
Q

Who claimed to find Sodom and Gomorrah?

A

Wyatt (“brimstone”), Sanders (Under Dead Sea, NASA Satellite, NBC)

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6
Q

Which two places might actually be Sodom and Gomorrah?

A

Bad edh-Dhra and Numeria (600 years too early)

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7
Q

Who claimed to find the Ark of the Covenant?

A

Wyatt (Jeremiah’s Grotto, no camera), Crotser (Mt. Nebo, Jordan), Sanders (under Palestinian village), Cornuke (Aksum, Ethiopia, building that only let’s one guy in, brought my a son of Saul)

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8
Q

What time frame did the Ark of the Covenant probably vanish?

A

970-586 BCE

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9
Q

What is the Tanis hypothesis?

A

A pharaoh conquering Jerusalem took the Ark of the Covenant back to his capital of Tanis.

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10
Q

Where did Louis and Mary Leaky work?

A

Olduvai Gorge, Kenya

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11
Q

What did Louis and Mary discover at the Gorge?

A

Two teeth and jaw of 1.75 mya. Australopithecus boisei (dalmatian story)

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12
Q

When did the Leakys (original) work at Olduvai?

A

1931-1959

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13
Q

What did Richard Leaky find?`

A

1.6 mya Turkama Boy

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14
Q

Leaky mother daughter team?

A

Meave (married to Richard) and Louise

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15
Q

Meave and Louise 1999 discovered what?

A

3.5 mya skull

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16
Q

Mary Leaky found hominid footprints where?

A

Laetoli, Tanzania

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17
Q

How old were the Laetoli footprints?

A

3.5 - 3.8 mya

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18
Q

When were the Laetoli footprints found?

A

1978-1979

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19
Q

How many individuals were the Laetoli footprints?

A

Three

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20
Q

Where were other footprints (similar to Laetoli) found?

A

Koobi Fora, Kenya

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21
Q

How old were the footprints at Koobi Fora?

A

1.53-1.51 mya

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22
Q

Who found Lucy?

A

Donald Johanson

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23
Q

When was Lucy found?

A

1974

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24
Q

Where was Lucy found?

A

Hadar, Ethiopia

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25
Q

How complete was Lucy?

A

40%

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26
Q

How old was Lucy?

A

2.9 mya

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27
Q

What species of hominid is Lucy?

A

Australopithecus afarensis

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28
Q

What was the recently discovered hominid?

A

Homo Naledi

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29
Q

Where was Homo Naledi found, when, and by who?

A

Rising Star Cave, South Africa, 2015, by Berger

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30
Q

What is the possible age of Homo Naledi?

A

2.8 mya

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31
Q

What was Piltdown Man?

A

A 40 year long hoax involving a supposed missing link found in England, “discovered” 1908-1915, skull was 600 yr old human jaw was orangutan w/ filed teeth

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32
Q

Who excavated the Mount Carmel Caves in Isreal?

A

Dorthy Garrod (1892-1968)

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33
Q

What was Mt. Carmel?

A

Where homo sapiens and Neanderthals interacted

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34
Q

When were the Mt. Carmel caves occupied?

A

500,000 to 90,000 years

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35
Q

Where Neaderthals lived at Mt. Carmel

A

Tabun Cave

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36
Q

Age of Tabun Cave

A

120,000 years old (has one of oldest known skeletons found in Isreal)

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37
Q

Where homo sapiens at Mt. Carmel lived

A

Skhul Cave

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38
Q

Three painted caves in Europe

A

Lascaux (France), Altamira (Spain), Chauvet (France)

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39
Q

Discovery of Lascaux Cave

A

Discovered by 4 teen boys and dog named Robot in 1940

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40
Q

Time period of Lascaux Cave

A

17000 BCE

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41
Q

Famous Lascaux paintings

A

Bulls, Chinese Horses

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42
Q

Discovery of Altmira cave

A

By hunter in 1868 and landowner and daughter in 1876

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43
Q

Time period of Altamira cave

A

12000 BCE

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44
Q

Famous Altarmia paintings

A

Polychrome ceiling with bison, horses, and deer

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45
Q

Discovery of Chauvet Cave

A

Discovered by Chauvet (authorized park ranger) in 1994

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46
Q

Time Period of Chauvet Cave

A

30000 BCE (oldest of 3)

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47
Q

Famous Chauvet Caves

A

Horses, rhinos, lions

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48
Q

What was the settlement agriculture movement called?

A

Neolithic Revolution

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49
Q

Where was the Neolithic revolution started?

A

The Fertile Crescent

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50
Q

Which settlement site might predated Neolithic Revolution?

A

Gobelki Tepe

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51
Q

Date of Gobelki Tepe

A

9600 BCE

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52
Q

When was Gobelki Tepe excavated?

A

1990s

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53
Q

Who excavated Gobelki Tepe?

A

Klaus Schmit

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54
Q

Where is Gobelki Tepe?

A

East Turkey/Fertile Crescent

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55
Q

What are the 2 things Gobelki Tepe is called?

A

“Oldest Temple” and “Oldest known monumental architecture”

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56
Q

Tom Knox/Cox/Sean Thomas proposed Gobelki Tepe to be what?

A

Garden of Eden

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57
Q

What is Jericho?

A

Site in Isreal, one of earliest inhabited and fortified places, oasis

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58
Q

Who was the first to excavate Jericho?

A

Garstang (1876-1956)

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59
Q

Who excavated Jericho and doubted Garstang’s dating?

A

Kathleen Kenyon (1906-1978)

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60
Q

Which city did Garstang propose was Joshua’s?

A

City 4 (Kenyon said 1000 years too early)

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61
Q

When did Kenyon excavate Jericho?

A

1950s

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62
Q

When did Garstang excavate Jericho?

A

1930-1936

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63
Q

When does Jericho date (oldest)

A

9000 BCE

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64
Q

When was the Tower of Jericho built?

A

7500 BCE (among earliest fort or storage, suggesting food surplus)

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65
Q

Jericho was….

A

domesticated but had no pottery

66
Q

Jericho tomb

A

multiple burials (possible family tomb)

67
Q

Jericho Skull period

A

Neolitic

68
Q

Jericho Skull features

A

plastered with seashells for eyes

69
Q

When did Italian-Palestinian team excavate Jericho?

A

1997-2000

70
Q

Date of Catal Hoyuk

A

6500-5600 BCE

71
Q

Where is Catal Hoyuk?

A

Turkey

72
Q

Who first excavated Catal Hoyuk and when?

A

James Mellaart, 1961-1965

73
Q

What was Catal Hoyuk?

A

A settlement where all houses were connected w/ no doors or windows and paintings of animals, hands, people, and hunts ( a lot of bulls) Big landscape painting (possible volcano)

74
Q

Stuff found at Catal Hoyuk

A

Burial w/ goods and ochre, obsidian, bone antler, animal figures, “mother” figure

75
Q

Who excavated Catal Hoyuk later and when?

A

Ian Hodder 1990s

76
Q

Traditional/Culture historian archaeology

A

artifacts, focus on culture and history

77
Q

Processual Archaeology

A

1.) Emphasizes evolutionary generalizations, not historical specifics
2.) Seeks universal laws
3.) Explanation is scientific
4.) Remains “objective”
1960s & 1970s
Binford mainly, Flannery a little bit

78
Q

Post-Processual Archaeology

A

1.) Rejects cultural evolutionary generalizations
2.) Rejects search for universal laws
3.) Rejects explicitly scientific methods
4.) Realizes that total objectivity isn’t possible
Ian Hodder
Returned to emphasis on culture and people

79
Q

Who invented C-14 dating and when?

A

Willard Libby, 1949

80
Q

What is the half life of Carbon-14?

A

5730 years

81
Q

What was the problem with carbon-14?

A

Atmospheric carbon changes

82
Q

What is tree ring dating?

A

Dendochronology

83
Q

What is a brand new method to test fired pottery?

A

rehydroxylation

84
Q

What is the problem with rehydroxylation?

A

If the pottery is rexposed to high temperatures

85
Q

What is best/worst preserved?

A 
Best= inorganic
Worst= organic
86
Q

Places organic material can survive in + examples

A
  1. ) Dry (Tut)
  2. ) Wetlands (Tollund Man & Lindow Man)
  3. ) Extreme Cold (Otzi & Incan Ice Maiden)
  4. ) Area w/ little oxygen (Black Sea)
87
Q

Matrix

A

physical surrounding of artifact

88
Q

Provenance

A

physical surrounding of artifact + time

89
Q

Context

A

physical surrounding of artifact + provenance + association (whole history)

90
Q

Site of Terracotta warriors

A

Xi’an

91
Q

Date of Xi’an

A

210 BCE

92
Q

Emporer buried at Xi’an

A

Qin Shi Huang (1st emporer of China)

93
Q

Pits of Terracotta warriors

A

3 found originally (6,000-8,000 warriors) and empty 4th pit

94
Q

Pit 1

A

6000 warriors, horses chariots

95
Q

Pit 2

A

at least 1000 more warriors, horses, chariots

96
Q

Pit 3

A

less than 100 warriors, some horses, 1 chariots (taller & battle formation= probably headquarters)

97
Q

Broken and headless terracotta

A

suggests assembly at the tomb

98
Q

Differences of terracotta warriors

A

8 faces, 25 facial hairs, 85 makers

99
Q

Original terracotta warriors were…

A

painted, layer of lacquer and animal glue in paint

100
Q

Terracotta warriors found

A

1974

101
Q

Sutton Hoo Ship date

A

620-650 AD

102
Q

Sutton Hoo location

A

England (mound)

103
Q

Sutton Hoo Discovered

A

1939

104
Q

Viking Chief Burial (location, age)

A

Scotland, 1000 yrs old

105
Q

Lindow man (time, place)

A

50-100 AD, England

106
Q

Tollund Man (time, place)

A

4th century BC, Denmark

107
Q

Lindow man discovered

A

1984

108
Q

Tollund man discovered

A

1950

109
Q

Otzi (time, place)

A

3200 BCE, Italian/Austrian Alps

110
Q

Otzi discovered

A

1991 by hikers

111
Q

Ice Maiden (time, place)

A

500 years old, Peruvian Andes

112
Q

Ice Maiden discovered

A

Reinhard 1995

113
Q

Research Process Steps

A
  1. ) Design Formulation(research design and background research)
  2. ) Implementation
  3. ) Data Acquisition
  4. ) Processing & Analysis
  5. ) Interpretation
  6. ) Publication
114
Q

Why a site is abandoned

A

Natural vs Cultural

Sudden vs Gradual

115
Q

Typesite

A

excavated first so related cultures are called that kinda

116
Q

Who excavated Mycenae first?

A

Henrich Schliemann (1876)

117
Q

Lion’s Gate

A

first area cleared by Schleimann, Cyclopean architecture, lionesses w/ gold heads, to the right is a tower

118
Q

Grave Circle A

A
  • 1250 BC (300-400 too early for Agammemnon)
  • What Schliemann was looking for
  • 6 shaft graves
  • inside walls
  • tombstones
  • gold masks
  • swords and daggers (warrior culture)
  • scenes with lions
  • Influence/trade with Egypt, Minoan, Hittite
119
Q

Grave Circle B

A
  • Older than A
  • 1650-1550 BCE
  • outside walls
  • masks
  • glass beads
120
Q

Homeric Graves

A

1250 BCE

  • huge
  • completely looted
121
Q

Minoan Crete

A

-2000-1200 BCE

122
Q

Knossos excavated by

A

Sir Arthur Evans (made palace of Minos claims) 1899-1900

123
Q

Knossos first period

A

2000-1700 BCE ended by earthquake

124
Q

Knosses second Period

A

1700-1300 BCE

ended by Mycenaean invasion

125
Q

Mycenaean Period of Knossos

A

1350-1150 BCE

126
Q

Minoans had no….

A

fortifications

127
Q

King’s and queen’s megarons

A
  • throne
  • 1 griffin
  • 3 snake goddesses
  • La Parisienne
128
Q

Thera

A

near Crete

129
Q

Eruption on Thera (Akotiri)

A

1628 BCE

130
Q

Akotiri

A

Pompeii of Agean
1628 BCE
most likely had warning
possible Minoan colony

131
Q

Uluburun Shipwreck

A
  • discovered 1982
  • George Bass (also at Gelidonya)
  • Cannanite jars
  • 300 Ingots (talents)
  • Mycanean stuff
  • Trade
132
Q

Current Megiddo excavation years

A

1994-2014

133
Q

Megiddo Location

A

Isreal, Jezreel Valley

134
Q

Battles

A

34 from Thutmose III to General Alamby (WWI) except Alexander the Great

135
Q

Via Maris

A

“Way of the Sea” trading path

136
Q

Megiddo time

A

Early Bronze Age, 26 cities, 7000-586 BCE

137
Q

Edward Robinson

A

Megiddo 1838 and 1852 on quest matching bible to sites, stood on Megiddo and missed it

138
Q

Lts. Conder and Kitchner

A

1871-1877 military survey of western Palestine (Megiddo)

139
Q

First person to dig at Megiddo

A

Gottlieb Schumacher (1903-1905)

140
Q

Schumacher at Megiddo

A

huge trench in middle
MBA grave with 6 people
sent everything to Ottoman sultan, now lost

141
Q

1st Archaeologists at Megiddo

A

James Henry & PLO Guy (1925-1939) for University of Chicago

142
Q

Chicago and Megiddo

A

-funded by Rockefeller
-horizontal 2 layers then verticle (NeoAssyrian layer)
-Chicago’s Great Trench
20 cities
-missed stuff (cuneform EPic of Gilga.)
Came up w/ Solomon’s stables idea

143
Q

Archaeologist Megiddo after Chicago

A

Yadin (1960s)

  • Solomonic Gate
  • Not stables
  • didn’t publish a lot
144
Q

Megiddo Area J

A
  • Alter w/ animal bones
  • A lot of temples
  • 2000 BC
  • largest EBA temple in Near East
  • column bases
145
Q

Megiddo Area L

A
  • Solomon’s Stables
  • Re-excavating where Yadin had been expected palace got stables
  • Palace 6000
146
Q

Megiddo Area H

A
  • half of Chicago’s palace
  • a lot of pottery
  • jewelry in clay vessel
147
Q

Megiddo Area K

A
  • domestic area
  • fortification wall (1700 BCE)
  • fire destruction layer
  • 1x1 microgrids
148
Q

Possible Megiddo destruction explanation

A

Shishek

149
Q

IBA Tomb 100 Megiddo 2010

A

Middle Bronze Age 8 bodies

150
Q

Megiddo Area Q

A
  • Norma Franklin

- battlefield archaeology

151
Q

Tel Kabri, Isreal date

A

1800-1500 BCE (1700 BCE)

152
Q

Tel Kabri

A

Canannite Palace near Lebanon border

3rd largest mound in Isreal

153
Q

First archaeologists at Kabri

A

Kempinski and Niemer (1986-1993)

154
Q

Aegean floor at Kabri

A

discovered 1989, Minoan style, compared with Thera and Crete

155
Q

MBA Sites with Aegan Art

A

1700-1400 BCE

  1. ) Avaris, Egypt (ripped off)
  2. ) Tel Atchina, Turkey/Syria (Sir Leonard Woolley
  3. ) Qanta, Syria (still on walls) (14th cent. tablets saying Hittites were coming)
156
Q

Kabri 2003

A

remote sensing found walls

157
Q

Kabri 2005

A

D South, D West, D North (5ft fresh dirt) remote sensing correct
trial trenches

158
Q

Kabri 2006-2007

A

regional study of sites in the area

159
Q

Kabri 2008

A

preliminary season dig (D-West)
Kenny the Cannanite
Good stratigraphy

160
Q

Kabri 2009

A

D-West D-South
more pieces of fresco (blue never used in Near East before, used at Knossos and Akotiri)
piece of either flying fish fin or griffin wing

161
Q

Kabri 2011

A 
more frescos
2nd Intermediate period scarab
Knossos zigzag pathway
palace bigger than thought
square holes in stone like Crete
MB Orthostat Building
162
Q

Kabri 2013

A

palace storage area with tones of wine

Archaeology (2 decks)

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