Midterm 2 Flashcards
coping
a dynamic series of transactions between the individual and the environment, the purpose of which is to regulate internal states and/or alter person environment relations
problem focused coping
change the situation: seek information, problem solving
emotion focused coping
manage emotions: release, distract, calm down
cognition focused coping
change thoughts: change appraisal, find meaning
how does trauma writing help?
writing and discussing the trauma helps even when writing about someone else’s trauma or something you already disclosed
how people get better
- natural history effets- the ailment runs its course over time
- specific active components of a treatment help the person
- the placebo effect
placebo
a medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient for its therapeutic intent not because of its specific ingredient
placebos work on
allergies, anxiety disorders, asthma, bipolar/depression, cough, crohn’s disease, epilepsy, erectile dysfunction, herpes, hypertension, irritable bowel, migraine, multiple sclerosis, nausea, pain, PMS, reflux, ulcers
placebos don’t work on
cancer, HIV/AIDS, dialysis, vision, hearing
what affects whether placebos work?
-how the healthcare provider behaves (warm, positive, confident)
-characteristics of the patient
-characteristics of the placebos
a. medical settings > non medical settings
b. complicated instructions > simple instructions
c. drugs > behavior change
d. expensive pill > pill on sale
e. injections > capsules > tablets
f. yucky tasting pills > good tasting pills
g. green, blue, purple: tranquilizing or sedating
red, orange, yellow: stimulating
-social norms
a. in the us, people think drugs work
b. not in all cultures tho
nocebos
like placebos but causes unpleasant effects like hair loss, nausea, and asthma
combining conditioning and expectations for pain
makes the effect greater but expectations always wins
gain frame
emphasizes benefits associated with behaving a certain way (health promotion behavior, certainty, approach oriented people are people who actively seek out positive and good things)
loss frame
emphasizes costs associated with not behaving that way (illness detection behaviors, risks, avoidance oriented people are people who actively try to avoid negative things)
aspects of persuasive communications
- Is the speaker credible? expert, trustworthy, no gains, not bias
- Does the message appeal to reason or emotion? highly involved appeal to reason but not involved appeal to emotion
- Does the message appeal to fear? not too much not too little
effective interventions
-based on theory (practical, ethical, methodological)
-target appropriate levels
a. individual: perceptions, skills, knowledge, efficacy
b. dyad: couples
c. community: mass media, community norms
d. policy/legal: change laws (clean needles)
e. super-structural: poverty, racism, welfare reform
f. technological: female condom, 1-min HIV test
g. medical: reduce HIV by treating people for medical problems or drugs to pregnant moms to reduce HIV transmission to fetus
-intense in size and scope
a. sustained interventions lead to sustained behavior changes
b. intense interventions lead to a greater risk reduction
c. effect size must be big enough to matter
-target people at risk
a. find out who is at risk and go to their location
-appropriate for the risk group/factor
gender, age, ethnicity/culture, sexual orientation, etc.
-make preventing dropouts a priority
a. devote resources to prevent dropouts
b. collect data that allow you to access effects of attrition (collect data of participants before study, stanford 3)
-keep it ethical
Health Belief Model
strengths: -includes useful constructs -focuses on people's beliefs (subjective model) weaknesses: -assumes behavior is rational -assumes people have the skills -ignores social context -most relevant for "preventative behaviors"
health threat
- health value
- susceptibility value (is it common?)
- severity value (how dangerous)
behavior can reduce threat
- believe behavior is effective
- believe benefits > barriers
Theory of Planned Behavior
- attitudes
1. beliefs about the outcome
2. evaluations of the outcome - norms
- expectations and beliefs of people who matter to you
- motivation to comply with norms
- control
- need to feel that you are capable of doing it
- that the action will have the intended effect
strengths and weakness (TPB)
strengths:
-incorporates social aspect of health behaviors (norms)
-doesn’t assume people want to be healthy (attitudes)
-includes person’s beliefs about their ability to change (control)
weaknesses
-predicts intentions, not actual behaviors
-people don’t always do what they intend to do
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
- precontemplation- no intention of changing behavior
- contemplation- aware a problem exists. no commitment to action
- preparation- intent upon taking action
- action- active modification of behavior
- maintenance- sustained change, new behavior replaces old
- relapse- fall back into old patterns of behavior
strengths and weakness (Stages of Change)
strengths:
-practical: doesn’t force techniques into one theory
-realistic: acknowledges that people can be at different stages
weaknesses:
-doesn’t really give any new techniques
-people may be in same stage for different reasons
-doesn’t explain how people can move from one stage to the next
Cognitive behavioral theory based approaches
- self monitoring
a. assess frequency of target behavior (# of cigarettes smoked)
b. assess antecedents and consquences
c. set goals- goals about behavior vs outcome?
- are goals measurable?
- are goals short term or long term?
- conditioning and contracting
a. create a contract with someone else who administers the punishment/ reward - stimulus control
a. poor health habits are often the result of cues in our environment (discriminative stimuli)
b. stimulus control gets rid of the cues
females vs males
females are sick more often but with less serious ailments
males are sick less often but with more serious ailments
male tend to get…
cancer, HIV, lung disease, accidents
women tend to get…
strokes, pneumonia, diabetes
