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Health Psychology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

coping

A

a dynamic series of transactions between the individual and the environment, the purpose of which is to regulate internal states and/or alter person environment relations

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2
Q

problem focused coping

A

change the situation: seek information, problem solving

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3
Q

emotion focused coping

A

manage emotions: release, distract, calm down

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4
Q

cognition focused coping

A

change thoughts: change appraisal, find meaning

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5
Q

how does trauma writing help?

A

writing and discussing the trauma helps even when writing about someone else’s trauma or something you already disclosed

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6
Q

how people get better

A
  • natural history effets- the ailment runs its course over time
  • specific active components of a treatment help the person
  • the placebo effect
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7
Q

placebo

A

a medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient for its therapeutic intent not because of its specific ingredient

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8
Q

placebos work on

A

allergies, anxiety disorders, asthma, bipolar/depression, cough, crohn’s disease, epilepsy, erectile dysfunction, herpes, hypertension, irritable bowel, migraine, multiple sclerosis, nausea, pain, PMS, reflux, ulcers

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9
Q

placebos don’t work on

A

cancer, HIV/AIDS, dialysis, vision, hearing

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10
Q

what affects whether placebos work?

A

-how the healthcare provider behaves (warm, positive, confident)
-characteristics of the patient
-characteristics of the placebos
a. medical settings > non medical settings
b. complicated instructions > simple instructions
c. drugs > behavior change
d. expensive pill > pill on sale
e. injections > capsules > tablets
f. yucky tasting pills > good tasting pills
g. green, blue, purple: tranquilizing or sedating
red, orange, yellow: stimulating
-social norms
a. in the us, people think drugs work
b. not in all cultures tho

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11
Q

nocebos

A

like placebos but causes unpleasant effects like hair loss, nausea, and asthma

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12
Q

combining conditioning and expectations for pain

A

makes the effect greater but expectations always wins

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13
Q

gain frame

A

emphasizes benefits associated with behaving a certain way (health promotion behavior, certainty, approach oriented people are people who actively seek out positive and good things)

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14
Q

loss frame

A

emphasizes costs associated with not behaving that way (illness detection behaviors, risks, avoidance oriented people are people who actively try to avoid negative things)

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15
Q

aspects of persuasive communications

A
  • Is the speaker credible? expert, trustworthy, no gains, not bias
  • Does the message appeal to reason or emotion? highly involved appeal to reason but not involved appeal to emotion
  • Does the message appeal to fear? not too much not too little
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16
Q

effective interventions

A

-based on theory (practical, ethical, methodological)
-target appropriate levels
a. individual: perceptions, skills, knowledge, efficacy
b. dyad: couples
c. community: mass media, community norms
d. policy/legal: change laws (clean needles)
e. super-structural: poverty, racism, welfare reform
f. technological: female condom, 1-min HIV test
g. medical: reduce HIV by treating people for medical problems or drugs to pregnant moms to reduce HIV transmission to fetus
-intense in size and scope
a. sustained interventions lead to sustained behavior changes
b. intense interventions lead to a greater risk reduction
c. effect size must be big enough to matter
-target people at risk
a. find out who is at risk and go to their location
-appropriate for the risk group/factor
gender, age, ethnicity/culture, sexual orientation, etc.
-make preventing dropouts a priority
a. devote resources to prevent dropouts
b. collect data that allow you to access effects of attrition (collect data of participants before study, stanford 3)
-keep it ethical

17
Q

Health Belief Model

A 
strengths:
-includes useful constructs
-focuses on people's beliefs (subjective model)
weaknesses:
-assumes behavior is rational
-assumes people have the skills
-ignores social context
-most relevant for "preventative behaviors"
18
Q

health threat

A
  • health value
  • susceptibility value (is it common?)
  • severity value (how dangerous)
19
Q

behavior can reduce threat

A
  • believe behavior is effective

- believe benefits > barriers

20
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A
  • attitudes
    1. beliefs about the outcome
    2. evaluations of the outcome
  • norms
    1. expectations and beliefs of people who matter to you
    2. motivation to comply with norms
  • control
    1. need to feel that you are capable of doing it
    2. that the action will have the intended effect
21
Q

strengths and weakness (TPB)

A

strengths:
-incorporates social aspect of health behaviors (norms)
-doesn’t assume people want to be healthy (attitudes)
-includes person’s beliefs about their ability to change (control)
weaknesses
-predicts intentions, not actual behaviors
-people don’t always do what they intend to do

22
Q

Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)

A
  1. precontemplation- no intention of changing behavior
  2. contemplation- aware a problem exists. no commitment to action
  3. preparation- intent upon taking action
  4. action- active modification of behavior
  5. maintenance- sustained change, new behavior replaces old
  6. relapse- fall back into old patterns of behavior
23
Q

strengths and weakness (Stages of Change)

A

strengths:
-practical: doesn’t force techniques into one theory
-realistic: acknowledges that people can be at different stages
weaknesses:
-doesn’t really give any new techniques
-people may be in same stage for different reasons
-doesn’t explain how people can move from one stage to the next

24
Q

Cognitive behavioral theory based approaches

A
  • self monitoring
    a. assess frequency of target behavior (# of cigarettes smoked)
    b. assess antecedents and consquences
    c. set goals
    1. goals about behavior vs outcome?
    2. are goals measurable?
    3. are goals short term or long term?
  • conditioning and contracting
    a. create a contract with someone else who administers the punishment/ reward
  • stimulus control
    a. poor health habits are often the result of cues in our environment (discriminative stimuli)
    b. stimulus control gets rid of the cues
25
Q

females vs males

A

females are sick more often but with less serious ailments

males are sick less often but with more serious ailments

26
Q

male tend to get…

A

cancer, HIV, lung disease, accidents

27
Q

women tend to get…

A

strokes, pneumonia, diabetes

Health Psychology (1 decks)

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