Midterm 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 basic types of neurotransmitters?
- ionotropic excitatory
- ionotropic inhibitory
- metabotropic/neuromodulatory
What is unique about metabotropic/neuromodulatory neurotransmitters?
-indirectly affect the way that the other ion channels operate
What are do ionotropic excitatory channels do?
cause EPSPs
What are some ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitters?
glutamate, ACh
What are some ionotropic inhibitory examples?
GABA, glycine
What do ionotropic inhibitory NTs do?
cause IPSPs
What are some examples of metabotropic/neuromodulatory NTs?
NE, 5-HT, DA, HA, Ach
What are the characteristics of ionotropic receptors?
- fast transmission
- center of receptor is a channel or pore to allow flow of neurotransmitter (NT)
- involves excitatory/inhibitory post synaptic potentials (EPSP/IPSP)
What are the qualities of metabotropic receptors?
- slow transmission
- NT binding causes biochemcial cascade making G_protein activate adenylate cyclase
- response is longer lasting than the fast synaptic transmission
What is deactivation?
-(Resting) closed, in which teh channel is closed once the stimulus is removed
What is inactivation?
- not opened
- channel is closed while the stimulus is still present
What does Oxo-M (oxotremorine) do?
- activates ACh receptors by making K+ channels stay open longer
- after, depolarization for cell increases and lasts longer because of the drug
How is the Ach interaction with K+ an example of functional anatomy?
-ACh metabolic receptors change the kinetics of K+ channels
What is phosphorylation?
-biochemical process involving the addition of phosphate to an organic compounds, which either makes enzymes turn “ off” or “on”
What does the phosphorylation of voltage-gated ion channels cause in neurons?
long lasting effects
The pyriform cortex mainly associates ______ with _____
smell with sight
What does layer 1a of the pyriform cortex do?
layer 1a contains dendrites that receive input from the olfactory bulb (smell)
neuromodulatory neurons receive input from a number of different sources, but all receive input from ______ _____
prefrontal cortex
layer 1b contains what?
dendrites that receive input from other areas of the cortex, like V1 (Sight)
Layer 2 contains what?
-the cell bodies of the neurons that have dendrites projecting to 1a and 1b
What effect does NE have on smell?
- changes the way the cell responds to input by supressing or reducing depolarization in layer 1b
- effect of NE in this cortex makes you more response to odors than visual information
What is the tri synpaptic circuit in the hippocampus?
Entorhinal cortex (EC) -> Dentate Gyrus (DG) -> CA3 -> CA1
