Midterm 2

Question 1

What are the 3 basic types of neurotransmitters?

Answer 1

1. ionotropic excitatory
2. ionotropic inhibitory
3. metabotropic/neuromodulatory

Question 2

What is unique about metabotropic/neuromodulatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 2

-indirectly affect the way that the other ion channels operate

Question 3

What are do ionotropic excitatory channels do?

Answer 3

cause EPSPs

Question 4

What are some ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 4

glutamate, ACh

Question 5

What are some ionotropic inhibitory examples?

Answer 5

GABA, glycine

Question 6

What do ionotropic inhibitory NTs do?

Answer 6

cause IPSPs

Question 7

What are some examples of metabotropic/neuromodulatory NTs?

Answer 7

NE, 5-HT, DA, HA, Ach

Question 8

What are the characteristics of ionotropic receptors?

Answer 8

• fast transmission
• center of receptor is a channel or pore to allow flow of neurotransmitter (NT)
• involves excitatory/inhibitory post synaptic potentials (EPSP/IPSP)

Question 9

What are the qualities of metabotropic receptors?

Answer 9

• slow transmission
• NT binding causes biochemcial cascade making G_protein activate adenylate cyclase
• response is longer lasting than the fast synaptic transmission

Question 10

What is deactivation?

Answer 10

-(Resting) closed, in which teh channel is closed once the stimulus is removed

Question 11

What is inactivation?

Answer 11

• not opened

- channel is closed while the stimulus is still present

Question 12

What does Oxo-M (oxotremorine) do?

Answer 12

• activates ACh receptors by making K+ channels stay open longer
• after, depolarization for cell increases and lasts longer because of the drug

Question 13

How is the Ach interaction with K+ an example of functional anatomy?

Answer 13

-ACh metabolic receptors change the kinetics of K+ channels

Question 14

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 14

-biochemical process involving the addition of phosphate to an organic compounds, which either makes enzymes turn “ off” or “on”

Question 15

What does the phosphorylation of voltage-gated ion channels cause in neurons?

Answer 15

long lasting effects

Question 16

The pyriform cortex mainly associates ______ with _____

Answer 16

smell with sight

Question 17

What does layer 1a of the pyriform cortex do?

Answer 17

layer 1a contains dendrites that receive input from the olfactory bulb (smell)

Question 18

neuromodulatory neurons receive input from a number of different sources, but all receive input from ______ _____

Answer 18

prefrontal cortex

Question 19

layer 1b contains what?

Answer 19

dendrites that receive input from other areas of the cortex, like V1 (Sight)

Question 20

Layer 2 contains what?

Answer 20

-the cell bodies of the neurons that have dendrites projecting to 1a and 1b

Question 21

What effect does NE have on smell?

Answer 21

• changes the way the cell responds to input by supressing or reducing depolarization in layer 1b
• effect of NE in this cortex makes you more response to odors than visual information

Question 22

What is the tri synpaptic circuit in the hippocampus?

Answer 22

Entorhinal cortex (EC) -> Dentate Gyrus (DG) -> CA3 -> CA1