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Psychology 1100 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotion

A

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

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2
Q

James-Lange theory

A

stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which i turn produces and emotional experience in the brain

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3
Q

Two-Factor theory

A

emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal

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4
Q

The (Blank) plays an important role in emotion; threat detector

A

amygdala

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5
Q

Appraisal

A

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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6
Q

people with damage to the (blank) can detect (blank)

A

Amygdala, happiness

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7
Q

emotions can affect our (blank)

A

vision

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8
Q

emotion regulation

A

the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’e emotional experience

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9
Q

Reappraisal

A

?

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10
Q

emotional expression

A

and observable sign of an emotion state

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11
Q

universality hypothesis

A

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; originally proposed by darwin

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12
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
(smile even though you don’t feel like it)

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13
Q

deceptive expression

A

we can control our expression of emotion

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14
Q

display rules

A

norms for the control of emotional expression

ie. intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing

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15
Q

people are generally (blank) lie-detectors

A

poor

college students average 2 lies/day

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16
Q

polygraph machines

A

better lie detectors, look at BP, respiration, skin conductance, ask relevant, irrelevant and control questions, looking for pinocchio response

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17
Q

Capgras syndrome

A

damage to the connections between the temporal lobe and limbic system
lack of emotional connection to friends family, believe they are imposters

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18
Q

hedonic principle

A

?

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19
Q

drive

A

internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality

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20
Q

homeostasis

A

?

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21
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

?

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22
Q

hunger signals (blank,blank) are sent to and from the brain

A

orexigenic, anorexigenic

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23
Q

Lateral = blank eating

A

initiating

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24
Q

lesion lateral =

A

no eating

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25
Q

stimulate lateral=

A

supersized rat

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26
Q

ventromedial = blank eating

A

stop

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27
Q

lesion ventromedial =

A

eat until near bursting

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28
Q

stimulate ventromedial =

A

eat little/stop eating

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29
Q

why do people overeat

A

biochemical abnormalities, eating without hunger, evolutionarily predisposed to overeat

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30
Q

procreation

A

desire for sex is necessary for our survival

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31
Q

the hormone (blank) appears more responsible for the onset of sexual desire, while (blank) and (blank) are also involved.

A

DHEA
Testosterone
Estrogen

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32
Q

human sexual response cycle

A

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity; as pioneered by Masters and Johnson

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33
Q

terror management theory

A

we cope with or existential terror by developing a cultural worldview (meaningful immortality through our legacies)

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34
Q

morality-salience hypothesis

A

?

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35
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

coloring for kids

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36
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation the take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward
candy for coloring

37
Q

conscious motivation

A

a motivation of which one is aware

38
Q

unconscious motivation

A

?

39
Q

need for achievement

A

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems

40
Q

approach motivation

A

a motivation to experience positive outcomes

promotion focus

41
Q

avoidance motivation

A

?

42
Q

learning

A

experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

43
Q

two main approaches to learning

A

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

44
Q

classical conditioning

A

when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

45
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

46
Q

unconditioned response

A

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

47
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

48
Q

conditioned response

A

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

49
Q

acquisition

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

50
Q

extinction

A

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

51
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

52
Q

generalization

A

a process by which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

53
Q

discrimination

A

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

54
Q

second-order conditioning

A

conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which to was used as a CS

55
Q

latent inhibition

A

difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a CS we’ve repeatedly experienced alone (without the US)

56
Q

Phobias

A

we can develop fears of many stimuli, but some are more common that others

57
Q

fetishes

A

sexual attraction to nonliving things

58
Q

disgust reactions

A

CSs associated with disgusting USs come to elicit disgust themselves

59
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

60
Q

law of effect

A

the principle that behaviors that are followed by a ‘satisfying state of affairs’ then to be repeated and those that are produced and ‘unpleasant state of affairs’ are less likely to be repeated

61
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment; coined by BF Skinner

62
Q

reinforcer

A

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it; more effective that punishment in promoting learning

63
Q

punisher

A

any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

64
Q

primary reinforcers

A

satisfy biological needs

65
Q

secondary reinforces

A

associated with primary reinforcers

66
Q

overjustification effect

A

circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

67
Q

positive reinforcement

A

positive outcome or consequence of a behavior strengthens the probability of the behavior

68
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

69
Q

positive punishment

A

addition of unpleasant consequence of a behavior that decreases the probability of the behavior

70
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of a pleasant consequence of a behavior that decreases the probability of the behavior

71
Q

three-term contingency

A

discriminative stimulus, response, reinforcer

72
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that appropriate response is made

73
Q

variable interval schedule

A

behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

74
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

75
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

76
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement; produce slightly higher rates of responding and are more resistant to extinction
(intermittent-reinforcement effect)

77
Q

shaping

A

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

78
Q

superstitions

A

rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if they are accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding causal relationships

79
Q

Premack Principle

A

principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it a more frequent behavior
pair behavior you don’t like with behavior you do like

80
Q

observational learning

A

a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

81
Q

diffusion chain

A

a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

82
Q

bobo doll experiment

A

children imitated and created own aggressive acts on bobo doll after watching adults play agressively

83
Q

pigeons have used BLANK learning to learn to get reinforced for pecking behavior

A

observational

84
Q

Rhesus Monkeys learned to fear snakes through an BLANK BLANK BLANK also exemplifying biological predisposition to fear snakes

A

observational diffusion chain

85
Q

chimps learned to use a novel toll through blank learning, children showed greater learning of the function of the tool

A

observational

86
Q

implicit learning

A

learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition

87
Q

some forms of learning begin BLANK but become BLANK over time

A

explicitly

Implicit

88
Q

habituation

A

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response

Psychology 1100 (1 decks)

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