Midterm 2 Flashcards
Emotion
a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
James-Lange theory
stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which i turn produces and emotional experience in the brain
Two-Factor theory
emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
The (Blank) plays an important role in emotion; threat detector
amygdala
Appraisal
an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
people with damage to the (blank) can detect (blank)
Amygdala, happiness
emotions can affect our (blank)
vision
emotion regulation
the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’e emotional experience
Reappraisal
?
emotional expression
and observable sign of an emotion state
universality hypothesis
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; originally proposed by darwin
facial feedback hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
(smile even though you don’t feel like it)
deceptive expression
we can control our expression of emotion
display rules
norms for the control of emotional expression
ie. intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing
people are generally (blank) lie-detectors
poor
college students average 2 lies/day
polygraph machines
better lie detectors, look at BP, respiration, skin conductance, ask relevant, irrelevant and control questions, looking for pinocchio response
Capgras syndrome
damage to the connections between the temporal lobe and limbic system
lack of emotional connection to friends family, believe they are imposters
hedonic principle
?
drive
internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality
homeostasis
?
Abraham Maslow
?
hunger signals (blank,blank) are sent to and from the brain
orexigenic, anorexigenic
Lateral = blank eating
initiating
lesion lateral =
no eating
stimulate lateral=
supersized rat
ventromedial = blank eating
stop
lesion ventromedial =
eat until near bursting
stimulate ventromedial =
eat little/stop eating
why do people overeat
biochemical abnormalities, eating without hunger, evolutionarily predisposed to overeat
procreation
desire for sex is necessary for our survival
the hormone (blank) appears more responsible for the onset of sexual desire, while (blank) and (blank) are also involved.
DHEA
Testosterone
Estrogen
human sexual response cycle
the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity; as pioneered by Masters and Johnson
terror management theory
we cope with or existential terror by developing a cultural worldview (meaningful immortality through our legacies)
morality-salience hypothesis
?
intrinsic motivation
motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
coloring for kids
extrinsic motivation
motivation the take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward
candy for coloring
conscious motivation
a motivation of which one is aware
unconscious motivation
?
need for achievement
the motivation to solve worthwhile problems
approach motivation
a motivation to experience positive outcomes
promotion focus
avoidance motivation
?
learning
experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
two main approaches to learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
unconditioned stimulus
something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
unconditioned response
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
conditioned response
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
acquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
extinction
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
spontaneous recovery
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
generalization
a process by which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
discrimination
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
second-order conditioning
conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which to was used as a CS
latent inhibition
difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a CS we’ve repeatedly experienced alone (without the US)
Phobias
we can develop fears of many stimuli, but some are more common that others
fetishes
sexual attraction to nonliving things
disgust reactions
CSs associated with disgusting USs come to elicit disgust themselves
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
law of effect
the principle that behaviors that are followed by a ‘satisfying state of affairs’ then to be repeated and those that are produced and ‘unpleasant state of affairs’ are less likely to be repeated
operant behavior
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment; coined by BF Skinner
reinforcer
any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it; more effective that punishment in promoting learning
punisher
any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
primary reinforcers
satisfy biological needs
secondary reinforces
associated with primary reinforcers
overjustification effect
circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
positive reinforcement
positive outcome or consequence of a behavior strengthens the probability of the behavior
negative reinforcement
removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior
positive punishment
addition of unpleasant consequence of a behavior that decreases the probability of the behavior
negative punishment
removal of a pleasant consequence of a behavior that decreases the probability of the behavior
three-term contingency
discriminative stimulus, response, reinforcer
fixed interval schedule
reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that appropriate response is made
variable interval schedule
behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
variable ratio schedule
the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
intermittent reinforcement
when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement; produce slightly higher rates of responding and are more resistant to extinction
(intermittent-reinforcement effect)
shaping
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior
superstitions
rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if they are accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding causal relationships
Premack Principle
principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it a more frequent behavior
pair behavior you don’t like with behavior you do like
observational learning
a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
diffusion chain
a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior
bobo doll experiment
children imitated and created own aggressive acts on bobo doll after watching adults play agressively
pigeons have used BLANK learning to learn to get reinforced for pecking behavior
observational
Rhesus Monkeys learned to fear snakes through an BLANK BLANK BLANK also exemplifying biological predisposition to fear snakes
observational diffusion chain
chimps learned to use a novel toll through blank learning, children showed greater learning of the function of the tool
observational
implicit learning
learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition
some forms of learning begin BLANK but become BLANK over time
explicitly
Implicit
habituation
a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response
