Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych1100 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

ability to store and retrieve information overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Encoding

A

transform what we perceive, think or feel into educing memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elaborative decoding

A

actively relating new information to knowledge that is in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

storing new information by converting it into mental picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organizational encoding

A

categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

  • elavorative: frontal, temporal
  • visual imagery: occipital
  • Organizational: frontal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Survival related encoding

A

information as related to survival, results in better recall than in information not related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Storage

A

Process of maintaining information in memory of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Short Term memory

A

holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chunking

A

combining small pieces of information into larger chunks that are more easily held in STM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rehearsal

A

Keeping it in memory by mentally repeating it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Working memory

A

active maintenance of information in the ST storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stroop Test

A

test that uses more than one process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Long-term storage

A

holds information for as long as you can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hippocampus

A

involved in putting new information in long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

memories become more stable in the brain and are more resistant to disruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reconsolidation

A

memories become vulnerable again when they are recalled, required to be consolidated again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

can’t retrieve information that was acquired before certain date, injuries can cause this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to transfer new information from short term to long term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sleep

A

Vital for memories, increases hippocampus involvement, interacts with frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Retrieval

A

bringing to mind information that has been stored “most important process”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Retrieval cues

A

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

a retrieval cue can serve an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which it was first learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

State-dependent retrieval

A

tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state as before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Retrieval induced forgetting

A

process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explicit Memory

A

When people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Episodic Memory

A

collection of past and personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Past experiences influence later behavior and performance, and not realizing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Gradual acquisitions of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Priming

A

an enhanced ability to think of something, such as a work, as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Transience

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Retroactive interference

A

later learning impairs memory for information required earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Proactive interference

A

earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Absentmindedness

A

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Prospective memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Blocking

A

failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it “tip of the tongue”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Memory Misattribution

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Source Memory

A

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

False recognition

A

A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Eye-witness testimony

A

at least 250 convictions on eyewitness testimony overturned on DNA evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Suggestibility

A

incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Bias

A

distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Change Bias

A

tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel now and what we believed in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Consistency Bias

A

changing the past to fit the present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Egocentric Bias

A

tendency to exaggerate the change between past and present to make ourselves look better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Persistence

A

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

the lack of memory for our early childhood years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Learning

A

new knowledge, skills or responses that cause changes in an organisms knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Stimulus

A

something that causes you to react in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Response

A

behavior that results from encountering a stimulus

54
Q

Implicit Learning

A

learning that takes place largely outside of a personal awareness

55
Q

Habituation

A

Process in which repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response to that stimulus

56
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

decrease in responsiveness of a sensory system

57
Q

Classical conditioning

A

repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that already causes an automatic response

58
Q

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

A

measuring amount the dog drools when eating

59
Q

Unconditional Stimulus

A

elicits an automatic, reflexive response

60
Q

Unconditional Response

A

Automatic reflexive response to be exposed to unconditioned stimulus; occurs in response to specific stimulus

61
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Object we want to teach an association to

62
Q

Conditioned Response

A

a behavior previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is now elicited by a neutral stimulus

63
Q

Second-order conditioning

A

teaching the earlier CS to also use the new CS being used

64
Q

Extinction

A

repeatedly presenting the CS without the US until the learned response goes away

65
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The tendency for a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a period of time

66
Q

Generalization

A

Making connections between your fears to make a subject like another even though CS is slightly different from the original one

67
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

two things you’re scared of but one is not because it does not fit requirements, establish difference between similar but distinct

68
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

involves behaviors that are intentional, the consequences of behavior determines whether it will be repeated in the future

69
Q

Law of effect

A

behaviors that are followed by something pleasant are likely to be repeated, negative won’t be repeated

70
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

father of operant conditioning

71
Q

reinforcement

A

any stimulus that functions to increase the likelihood of a behavior to occur again in the future

72
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases the likelihood of the behavior to happen again

73
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding something negative (speeding ticket)

74
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Taking away something as punishment (grounding)

75
Q

Stress

A

the physical and psychological to interal or external stressors

76
Q

Stressors

A

Specific events or chronic pressures that place demand on a person or the threaten the person’s well being

77
Q

Health psychology

A

field interested in how psychological factors affect life

78
Q

Life events

A

specific events that produce stress

79
Q

Chronic Stressors

A

source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly

80
Q

Perceived control over events

A

our interpretation of events and our perception of control can go a long way

81
Q

Fight-or Flight

A

emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

82
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

3 stages physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered

83
Q

Alarm phase

A

Fight or flight response

84
Q

Resistance Phase

A

body adapts to high arousal shuts down unnecessary processes

85
Q

Exhaustion Phase

A

Body’s resistance gives out susceptible to illness

86
Q

Immune System

A

response system that protects the body from threats

87
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Cells that produce antibodies that fight infection

88
Q

Wound Healing

A

they heal slower during exam periods

89
Q

Type A personality Pattern

A

tendency to be easily aroused, impatient, a sense of time urgency and competitive achievement

90
Q

Emotion

A

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

91
Q

Multi-demensional scaling

A

Valence and Arousal

92
Q

Physiological Changes

A

increased heart rate, brain activity, and changes in digestive system

93
Q

James-Lange theory

A

emotions result from interpretation of bodily reactions “fear because we run”

94
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

emotional events leads to emotion and bodily reaction at the same time, simultaneous fear and running

95
Q

Two-factor Theory

A

emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal

96
Q

Appraisal

A

evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

97
Q

Fast Pathways

A

see stimulus goes through thalamus, sends to amyglada and then experience emotion

98
Q

Slow Pathways

A

see stimulus goes through thalamus, to the cortex, then amyglada and then experience emotion

99
Q

Emotion Regulation

A

use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence on’e emotional experience

100
Q

Reappraisal

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing meaning of the emotion

101
Q

Emotional Expression

A

observable sign of emotional state, natural reaction

102
Q

Communicative expression

A

emotional expressions are a non-verbal language, convey how you are feeling

103
Q

Universality hypothesis

A

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

104
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

105
Q

Cause and effect expression

A

emotional expressions are signs of underlying emotion, one emotion can be different emotions

106
Q

Deceptive expression

A

you can control your face to express an emotion other than what you are feeling

107
Q

Display rules

A

norms for the control of emotions

108
Q

Intensification

A

exaggerate an emotional expression

109
Q

Deintensification

A

muting an emotional expression

110
Q

Masking

A

expressing one emotion while feeling another

111
Q

Neutralizing

A

feeling an emotion but displaying no expression

112
Q

Micro-expressions

A

true emotion is briefly expressed before masking it with deceptive expression

113
Q

Deciphering emotions

A

tone of voice, body posture, physiological responses

114
Q

Motivation

A

reason why you perform an action

115
Q

Motivating emotions

A

provide information about the world

116
Q

Hedonic Principal

A

motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain

117
Q

Instincts

A

motivations endowed to us by nature

118
Q

Drives

A

internal state caused by physiological needs, determined by our need for homoeostasis

119
Q

Homeostasis

A

desire to stay in a particular state causes system to take procedure to remain that way

120
Q

Self Actualization

A

achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities

121
Q

Esteem Needs

A

prestige and feeling of accomplishments

122
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

Lets us know when we need to eat

123
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

Lets us know when to stop eating

124
Q

Hormone from fat: LEPTIN

A

signal brain to reduce appetite and increase energy used

125
Q

Stomach Hormone: Ghrelin

A

increases hunger

126
Q

DHEA

A

onset of sexual desire.

127
Q

Serotonin

A

low levels increase sex drive

128
Q

Dopamine

A

transmission may increase/decrease drive

129
Q

Four state of sexual response

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

130
Q

Terror management theory

A

in order to cope with the terror of death we create a view of the world that gives us the perception of mortality, we reduce fear and anxiety

131
Q

Mortality-Salience hypothesis

A

People who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural viewpoints, praise those who have the same view

Psych1100 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions