Midterm 2 Flashcards
Memory
ability to store and retrieve information overtime
Encoding
transform what we perceive, think or feel into educing memory.
Elaborative decoding
actively relating new information to knowledge that is in memory
Visual imagery encoding
storing new information by converting it into mental picture
Organizational encoding
categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
- elavorative: frontal, temporal
- visual imagery: occipital
- Organizational: frontal
Survival related encoding
information as related to survival, results in better recall than in information not related
Storage
Process of maintaining information in memory of time
Sensory Memory
Holds sensory information for a few seconds or less
Short Term memory
holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
Chunking
combining small pieces of information into larger chunks that are more easily held in STM
Rehearsal
Keeping it in memory by mentally repeating it
Working memory
active maintenance of information in the ST storage
Stroop Test
test that uses more than one process
Long-term storage
holds information for as long as you can
Hippocampus
involved in putting new information in long term memory
Memory Consolidation
memories become more stable in the brain and are more resistant to disruption
Reconsolidation
memories become vulnerable again when they are recalled, required to be consolidated again.
Retrograde amnesia
can’t retrieve information that was acquired before certain date, injuries can cause this.
Anterograde amnesia
inability to transfer new information from short term to long term
Sleep
Vital for memories, increases hippocampus involvement, interacts with frontal lobe
Retrieval
bringing to mind information that has been stored “most important process”
Retrieval cues
external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
Encoding specificity principle
a retrieval cue can serve an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which it was first learned
State-dependent retrieval
tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state as before
Transfer-appropriate processing
likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match
Retrieval induced forgetting
process by which retrieving an item from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items
Explicit Memory
When people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences
Semantic Memory
Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
Episodic Memory
collection of past and personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
Implicit Memory
Past experiences influence later behavior and performance, and not realizing it
Procedural Memory
Gradual acquisitions of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do something
Priming
an enhanced ability to think of something, such as a work, as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus
Transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
Retroactive interference
later learning impairs memory for information required earlier
Proactive interference
earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
Absentmindedness
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
Prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
Blocking
failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it “tip of the tongue”
Memory Misattribution
Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
Source Memory
Recall of when, where and how information was acquired
False recognition
A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before
Eye-witness testimony
at least 250 convictions on eyewitness testimony overturned on DNA evidence
Suggestibility
incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
Bias
distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of events
Change Bias
tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel now and what we believed in the past
Consistency Bias
changing the past to fit the present
Egocentric Bias
tendency to exaggerate the change between past and present to make ourselves look better
Persistence
Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
Flashbulb Memory
Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
Infantile Amnesia
the lack of memory for our early childhood years
Learning
new knowledge, skills or responses that cause changes in an organisms knowledge
Stimulus
something that causes you to react in the world
Response
behavior that results from encountering a stimulus
Implicit Learning
learning that takes place largely outside of a personal awareness
Habituation
Process in which repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response to that stimulus
Sensory Adaptation
decrease in responsiveness of a sensory system
Classical conditioning
repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that already causes an automatic response
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
measuring amount the dog drools when eating
Unconditional Stimulus
elicits an automatic, reflexive response
Unconditional Response
Automatic reflexive response to be exposed to unconditioned stimulus; occurs in response to specific stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Object we want to teach an association to
Conditioned Response
a behavior previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is now elicited by a neutral stimulus
Second-order conditioning
teaching the earlier CS to also use the new CS being used
Extinction
repeatedly presenting the CS without the US until the learned response goes away
Spontaneous Recovery
The tendency for a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a period of time
Generalization
Making connections between your fears to make a subject like another even though CS is slightly different from the original one
Stimulus Discrimination
two things you’re scared of but one is not because it does not fit requirements, establish difference between similar but distinct
Operant Conditioning
involves behaviors that are intentional, the consequences of behavior determines whether it will be repeated in the future
Law of effect
behaviors that are followed by something pleasant are likely to be repeated, negative won’t be repeated
B.F. Skinner
father of operant conditioning
reinforcement
any stimulus that functions to increase the likelihood of a behavior to occur again in the future
Punishment
Decreases the likelihood of the behavior to happen again
Positive punishment
Adding something negative (speeding ticket)
Negative Punishment
Taking away something as punishment (grounding)
Stress
the physical and psychological to interal or external stressors
Stressors
Specific events or chronic pressures that place demand on a person or the threaten the person’s well being
Health psychology
field interested in how psychological factors affect life
Life events
specific events that produce stress
Chronic Stressors
source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly
Perceived control over events
our interpretation of events and our perception of control can go a long way
Fight-or Flight
emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
General adaptation syndrome
3 stages physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered
Alarm phase
Fight or flight response
Resistance Phase
body adapts to high arousal shuts down unnecessary processes
Exhaustion Phase
Body’s resistance gives out susceptible to illness
Immune System
response system that protects the body from threats
Lymphocytes
Cells that produce antibodies that fight infection
Wound Healing
they heal slower during exam periods
Type A personality Pattern
tendency to be easily aroused, impatient, a sense of time urgency and competitive achievement
Emotion
a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
Multi-demensional scaling
Valence and Arousal
Physiological Changes
increased heart rate, brain activity, and changes in digestive system
James-Lange theory
emotions result from interpretation of bodily reactions “fear because we run”
Cannon-Bard theory
emotional events leads to emotion and bodily reaction at the same time, simultaneous fear and running
Two-factor Theory
emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
Appraisal
evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
Fast Pathways
see stimulus goes through thalamus, sends to amyglada and then experience emotion
Slow Pathways
see stimulus goes through thalamus, to the cortex, then amyglada and then experience emotion
Emotion Regulation
use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence on’e emotional experience
Reappraisal
changing one’s emotional experience by changing meaning of the emotion
Emotional Expression
observable sign of emotional state, natural reaction
Communicative expression
emotional expressions are a non-verbal language, convey how you are feeling
Universality hypothesis
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
Facial feedback hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
Cause and effect expression
emotional expressions are signs of underlying emotion, one emotion can be different emotions
Deceptive expression
you can control your face to express an emotion other than what you are feeling
Display rules
norms for the control of emotions
Intensification
exaggerate an emotional expression
Deintensification
muting an emotional expression
Masking
expressing one emotion while feeling another
Neutralizing
feeling an emotion but displaying no expression
Micro-expressions
true emotion is briefly expressed before masking it with deceptive expression
Deciphering emotions
tone of voice, body posture, physiological responses
Motivation
reason why you perform an action
Motivating emotions
provide information about the world
Hedonic Principal
motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Instincts
motivations endowed to us by nature
Drives
internal state caused by physiological needs, determined by our need for homoeostasis
Homeostasis
desire to stay in a particular state causes system to take procedure to remain that way
Self Actualization
achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities
Esteem Needs
prestige and feeling of accomplishments
Lateral Hypothalamus
Lets us know when we need to eat
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Lets us know when to stop eating
Hormone from fat: LEPTIN
signal brain to reduce appetite and increase energy used
Stomach Hormone: Ghrelin
increases hunger
DHEA
onset of sexual desire.
Serotonin
low levels increase sex drive
Dopamine
transmission may increase/decrease drive
Four state of sexual response
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Terror management theory
in order to cope with the terror of death we create a view of the world that gives us the perception of mortality, we reduce fear and anxiety
Mortality-Salience hypothesis
People who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural viewpoints, praise those who have the same view
