Midterm 2 Flashcards
asd
What is the direct problem?
Transferring all points on the datum surface onto a projection surface one to one correspondence.
What is the inverse problem?
Transferring all points on the plane surface onto the datum surface in a one to one correspondence.
What are the general distortion properties?
- Area distortion
- Angular distortion
- Direction distortion
- Scale distortion
What is a Standard Line?
a line or point that is transferred from the earth to a map free of distortion.
What is an earth model?
A scaled down replica of the earth
What is Map Scale
relates the map to the earth
What is Scale Factor
relates the earth model alone with a map
What is Scale Distortion
the difference of the scale factor value from 1.00
What is a Tissot Indicatrix
an ellipse of distortion with semi-major and semi-minor axis parameters.
What is an advantage of a Tissot Indicatrix
Gives a general visual representation of variations of distortions around any projected point. Convenient way of displaying distorting effects of projections.
What is Tissots Theorum
For any projection, at least one pair directions (principle points) remain orthogonal.
What are the parameters of a Conformal Projection in terms of Tissots Indicatrix
a=b at all points
indicatrix is circular
What are the parameters of a Equal-Area Projection in terms of Tissots Indicatrix
a*b=1
a=b only at 1 or 2 points or on a standard line
What the 3 traditional bases of projection classification?
- Distortion Property (relationship between sem-axis of tissot indicatrix)
- Appearance of the Graticule (type of projection surface used ie cylinder, conic, etc.)
- Aspect (viewpoints)
What are the properties of Conformality distortion?
- Local angles in original feature are preserved
- Over small areas shapes are preserved
- Specific only to Mercator
- Scale factor at points are same in every direction, varying point to point
What are the properties of Equal Area distortion?
- No area distortion
- Tissot Indicatrix has same area everywhere, always elliptical, never circle
- Will strongly distort shape & angles
What are the properties of Equidistant distortion?
- Preserves relative distance from one or two points only
- No projection in which all distance are preserved
What are the 3 classes of projections according to base 2?
- Conic
- Cylindrical
- Planar
Describe tangent as secant cases relating to base 2.
- Tangent: when a developable shape touching the earth creates a line/point/region
- Secant: line or lines created when the earth & developable shape cut through each other
What are the properties of the Conic Projection?
Conic projection can only represent one hemisphere
What are the properties of the Cylindrical Projection?
-Typical grid shows parallels and meridians forming straight perpendicular lines.
What are the properties of the Planar projection?
- Usually placed above a pole, can only represent 1 hemisphere.
- Also called azimuthal, stereographic
What are the 3 Aspects of base 3?
-Direct or Normal Aspect
The long axis is parallel to or along N/S pole
-Oblique Aspect
Projection is placed above or on any postion between but not on, the pole and the equator
-Transverse Aspect
The long axis is parallel to or along the E/W of the equator
What are the parameters of Edge Matching?
- Map must be same scale
- Map must be same projection
- Maps must have same standard parallels
- Maps should be based on same ellipsoid
