midterm 2 Flashcards
kinanthropometry
size, proportionality, composition, shape (somatotype)
kinanthropometry size
stature, mass, lengths, girths, widths
Stature proportions
sitting height relative to standing height, females traditionally have longer trunks
mass proportioanlity
BMI= weight / height squared
BMI not useful for babies, muscular people etc
length proportions
crural index- lower leg relative to upper leg
brachial index- lower arm relative to upper arm
girth proportions
hip relative to waist
width proportions
shoulders relative to hips (androgyny index)
2-component model
lean body mass (skeletal muscle, bone, water) and fat body mass (storage fat and essential fat)
storage fat
energy reserve, cushions/protects organs (male 12%, female 15%)
essential fat
central nervous system (bone marrow, heart lungs, liver, intestines etc), 3% male, 12% female
waist to hip ratio
gynoid (pear)-female
android (apple)- male
excess abdominal fat leads to diabetes, hypertension etc.
somatotyping
roundness= endomorphy (female)
muscularity= mesomorphy (male)
linearity= ectomorphy
prime mover
agonists
opposing muscles
antagonists
stabilizers
support muscles and keep body stable during movement
sternocleidomastoid
origin: sternum and clavicle
insertion: mastoid process
function: flexes neck to chest (when all sides contract), rotates head (when on side contracts)
TURNING LEFT ACTIVATES RIGHT MUSCLE
erector spinae (upper portion)
origin: posterior sacrum and ilium
insertion: posterior skull
function: maintain erect position, extends neck
rectus abdominis
origin: sternum and adjacent ribs
insertion: pubic bone
function: trunk flexion and pelvis stabilization
external oblique
origin: lateral ribs downward
insertion: anterior crest of ilium, pubis, linea alba
function: trunk flexion + rotation, pelvis stabilization
internal oblique
origin: lateral crest of pubis and illium
insertion: linea alba
function: trunk flexion +rotation, pelvis stabilization
transversus abdominis
origin: lower ribs, iliac crest
insertion: linea alba
function: compresses abdomen, spine + trunk stabilization
erector spinae (lower portion)
origin: iliac crest
insertion: all vertebrae to skull
function: trunk extension, important in back injury prevention
anterior deltoid
origin: lateral clavicle
insertion: deltoid tubercle
function: shoulder flexion, internal rotation
middle deltoid
origin: acromion process
insertion: deltoid tubercle
function: shoulder abduction
posterior deltoid
origin: lateral spine of scapula
insertion: deltoid tubercle
function: shoulder extension and external rotation
pectoralis major
origin: sternum and clavicle
insertion: bicipital groove
function: horizontal humeral adduction, bringing arm down (extension or adduction), internal rotation of humerus
latissimus dorsi
origin: bottom 6 thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar vertebrae + sacrum
insertion: pass under arm to bicipital groove
function: horizontal humeral abduction bringing arm down (extension or adduction), internal rotation
supraspinatus
origin: supraspinous fossa
insertion: superior humerus
function: abducts humerus
infraspinatus
origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: posterior humerus
function: adducts humerus, lateral rotation
subscapularis
origin: subscapular fossa on scapula
insertion: anterior humerus
function: adducts humerus, medial rotation
trapezius
origin: base of skull to T12
insertion: spine of scapula
function: scapular stabilization, shoulder elevation (upper), shoulder retraction (middle), shoulder depression (lower)
serratus anterior
origin: anterior, medial scapula
insertion: anterior ribs 1-8
function: scapular stabilization, shoulder protraction
brachialis
origin: anterior distal humerus
insertion: anterior proximal ulna
function: elbow flexion
biceps brachii
origin: scapula (superior to glenoid fossa and coracoid process)
insertion: anterior proximal radius
function: elbow flexion, shoulder flexion, supination
brachioradialis
origin: anterior distal shaft of humerus
insertion: lateral distal radius
function: elbow flexion
triceps brachii
origin: inferior to glenoid fossa (long head), posterior humerus (short head)
insertion: posterior proximal ulna
function: elbow and shoulder extension
hand and wrist flexors
origin: medial epicondyle
insertion: carpals, metacarpals
function: wrist flexion
forearm pronator
origin: medial epicondyle
insertion: lateral, proximal radius
function: pronation
hand and wrist extensors
origin: lateral epicondyle
insertion: carpals, metacarpals
function: wrist extension
forearm supinator
origin: lateral epicondyle
insertion: medial. proximal radius
function: supination
iliopsoas
origin: anterior lumbar vertebrae, iliac fossa
insertion: medial proximal femur
function: hip flexion, pelvis tilt forward
gluteals
origin: outer surface of ilium and sacrum
insertion: lateral and posterior proximal femur
function: hip extension and backward pelvis tilt (maximus), hip abduction (medius and minimus)
adductors
origin: pubis
insertion: medial femur
function: hip adduction
quadriceps femoris
origin: proximal femur (vastus muscles), anterior ilium (rectus femoris)
insertion: tibial tuberosity
function: knee extension, hip flexion (rectus femoris)
hamstrings
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: posterior medial/lateral proximal tibia
function: hip extension, knee flexion
tibialis anterior
origin: proximal 2/3 of tibia
insertion: top of 1st metatarsal
function: dorsiflexion
soleus
origin: posterior proximal tibia
insertion: calcaneus
function: planatrflexion
gastrocnemius
origin: posterior distal femur
insertion: calcaneus
function: plantar flexion, knee flexor
smooth resistant
-in blood vessel, organs, eye iris, GI tract
-slow, uniform contractions
-fatigue resistant
cardiac muscle
-self generating impulses
-very fatigue resistant
skeletal muscle
-contains bony segments via tendons
-repeated contractions leads to fatigue
-voluntary
skeletal muscle cell
- muscle
- muscle fibre bundle
- muscle fibre
- myofibril
muscle cell anatomy
-diameter of a thin human hair
-max. length 12 cm
-multinucleated cylindrical cell
