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Biomedical Engineering > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

cm -> m

A

divide by 100

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2
Q

cm^2 -> m^2

A

divide by 10000

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3
Q

cm^3 -> m^3

A

divide by 1,000,000 or (1m/100 cm)^3

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4
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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5
Q

average velocity

A

cardiac output/ valve area

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6
Q

Trans illumination

A

This is the light path that goes against the eye path it “flashes into the eye”

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7
Q

Epi Illumination

A

This is the light path that follows the eye path “ follows where the eye would be looking”

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8
Q

Inverted microscope

A

Trans illumination:The light is located above the stage and shines on top of the sample
Epi Illumination: The light goes through the objectives located under the stage and shines underneath the stage

Important for viewing cell cultures where the object in question is at the bottom of the dish.

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9
Q

Upright microscope

A

Trans illumination: The light shines under the stage and shines into the sample to illuminate it.
Epi Ilumination: The light follows where the eye looks and shines on top of the stage.

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10
Q

What kind of microscope can be used with glass slides?

A

Both! Glass is see through

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11
Q

Confocal microscope

A

Creates a focused point of light from a pinhole and rejects out of focus light

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12
Q

Confocal microscopy (in focus)

A

The point is submerged within the tissue and focused into the detector

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13
Q

Confocal microscopy (out focus)

A

The point rests on top of the tissue and is not focused into the detector

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14
Q

d= resolvable feature size

A

wavelength/ 2( numerical aperture)

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15
Q

High D good or bad?why?

A

High d is bad because the two objects wont be distinguishable, the resolution is low

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16
Q

Excitation

A

Used to remember what color is coming out (energy required to get it to that level)

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17
Q

Emission

A

Used to remember whats coming out (what is actually seen, color that lights up the molecule) Focus on this mainly to figure out what color stain to use

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18
Q

what is a tracer?

A

A substance usually containing a radioactive isotope that is introduced to a biological system to track movement or behavior of a process within the system?

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19
Q

X-ray CT

A

The only one that involves X-ray, Computerized Tomography. One unit for tracer and the waves go through the patient

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20
Q

How does it work?

A

Ionizing radiation sent through the body at multiple angles during x-ray which creates cross section that can be compiled into one image

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21
Q

What is it good for?

A

Dense tissues such as bones. High energy passes through the body and low energy is absorbed

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22
Q

Limitations?

A

Limited resolution in soft tissue

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23
Q

Safety concerns?

A

Increased risk of cancer because of increased radiation

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24
Q

SPECT

A

(nuclear) Gamma rays used- Single Photon Emission CT

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25
Q

How does it work?

A

molecules linked with gamma ray emitting elements, (injected/ingested tracers) gamma cameras positioned all around the patient capture radiation and translate to an image.

26
Q

What is it good for?

A

Minimized radiation, useful in locating tumors.

27
Q

Limitations?

A

Longer half lives of radioactivity (long)

28
Q

Safety concerns?

A

Dosage of radioactive isotopes

29
Q

PET

A

Gamma rays used- Positron Emission Tomography

30
Q

How does it work?

A

Includes positron annihilation. Positron is emitted encounters an electron and they annihilate each other. This leads to two gamma rays moving in opposite directions to the ring of detecors.

31
Q

what tracer and why?

A

FDG is used because when someone has a tumor a lot of glucose is taken in sine FDG is analogous to glucose. Detectors are placed around the imaging field to detect this exact moment.

32
Q

What is it good for?

A

detecting cancer/ treatment results

33
Q

Limitations?

A

Isotopes must be generated near by because of the short half lives (short )

34
Q

Safety concerns?

A

Dosage of radioactive isotopes

35
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

36
Q

How does it work?

A

MRI utilizes the hydrogen in the water-dense tissues to create images. The pulses from the Lamar frequency applied perpendicularly to the magnetic field which changes the orientation of the hydrogen nuclei. Once the pulses stop the hydrogen return to original state and releases energy. This is detected and used to create images. contrast agents used to enhance vessels in image.

37
Q

What is it good for?

A

Good for imaging soft tissues.

38
Q

Limitations?

A

Cannot be used with metal implants of any kind

39
Q

Safety concerns?

A

Contrast agent can be toxic

40
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

41
Q

How does it work?

A

measurement of cognitive / motor task . MRI of iron causes a change in the signal which is therefore a change in the magnetic field.

42
Q

What is it good for?

A

Used to locate active regions in the brain (find more oxygenated blood), produces images faster

43
Q

Limitations?

A

Lower resolution than typical MRI

44
Q

Atomic Focus Microscopy

A

The cantilever feels out the object

45
Q

What is the distance moved used for?

A

Used to find force in Hooke’s law F=-kx

46
Q

What can AFM be used for?

A

Used for testing small objects like cells and can be used on living organisms

47
Q

Ultrasound (waves involved?)

A

Sound waves possessing high frequency

48
Q

How does it work?

A

A transducer converts electrical signals into high frequency waves to send into the body and receives echo back

49
Q

Ultrasound applications

A

Kidney stones and ovarian cysts, fetal imaging

50
Q

wavelength=

A

c/f (speed of sound/ frequency)

51
Q

R=

A

1/5/ f(mHz)

52
Q

High Rmm, good or bad?

A

This is bad because the resolution will be low (blurry)

53
Q

How can this be manipulated for a higher resolution?

A

Increased frequency leads to a lower Rmm value which leads to a higher resolution

54
Q

What does r tell us?

A

Positive or negative r value , positive or negative linear relationship, closer to 1 means a stronger linear relationship

55
Q

independent

A

y- weather, can’t be changed

56
Q

dependent

A

x- hot chocolate can be changed

57
Q

What does r^2 tell us?

A

Closer to 1 or 100% shows how strong the correlation is between two things

58
Q

Correlation vs Causation

A

Correlation doesn’t equal causation. Correlation could show how two objects are related but this doesn’t mean one caused the other

59
Q

Bipophotonics?

A

development and application of optical techniques, non-invasive and safe for wet samples

60
Q

Reflection

A

Involves a change in direction when waves bounce off a barrier

61
Q

Refraction

A

Involves a change in direction as they pass from one medium to another

62
Q

Diffraction

A

Change in direction of waves around a barrier

Biomedical Engineering (1 decks)

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