Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is the recommended amount of time you should have of vigorous activity per week?
150 min/week
What is the best way to manage your sedentary time to reduce the negative health effects?
Take frequent breaks (e.g. getting up and walking around) every 20 min or so
What is hypertension and what effects can it have on a person?
Hypertension is the name for high blood pressure, which is related to a lower life expectancy and diseases
What are the 2 types of cholesterol that influence heart disease?
BAD~> low density lipoprotein (LDL)
GOOD~> high density label protein (HDL)
What is atherosclerosis and what can it lead to?
It is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in artery walls (called plaque). It can increase the risk of a heart attack or blood clot, as well as the potential for a stroke
How does smoking contribute to heart disease?
It damages and clogs arteries, as well as reducing HDL and raising LDL. Nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate
What is the difference between malignant and benign tumours?
Benign tumours generally don’t invade and spread, and they are often not as harmful. Malignant cells are much more likely to spread and travel to other parts of the body; they are much more dangerous
Describe the stages of cancer
1: small tumour with localized growth
2: growth of the tumour and a possible invasion of nearby tissue
3: cancer spreads and regional lymph nodes are affected
4: distant metastasis and spread to other organs
Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in Canada. Describe key details about it
It is largely preventable (mostly by not smoking) but difficult to detect at an early stage. Symptoms include a persistent cough or chest pain. Spiral CT scans are recommended for diagnosis. Treatment can include surgery, radiation or chemotherapy
What is a way that can reduce the risk of colon cancer and other cancers of the digestive tract?
The use of NSAIDS and regular screening tests
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. What ways can women reduce the risk of breast cancer?
Being physically active, limiting alcohol intake, and eating a low fat/vegetable rich diet
How can oncogenes affect cancer progression?
Mutated oncogenes drive cancer by promoting uncontrolled cell growth
What is metastasis?
The spreading of cancer cells to other tissues and areas of the body
What are the 6 links in the chain of infection?
Pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, new host
Description and method of prevention
Link 1: pathogen
This is the virus or bacteria that cause illness. Using disinfectants on surfaces works to kill germs
Description and method of prevention
Link 2: reservoir
This is where the germ lives and multiplies. Using medical treatment and testing, as well of ridding the living area of insects or rodents
Description and method of prevention
Link 3: portal of exit
This is how the germ leaves the reservoir (coughing, sneezing, etc.). Covering coughs, using masks and condoms
Description and method of prevention
Link 4: mode of transmission
This is how the germ spreads to a new host. Sanitary practices, including hand washing are effective preventative measures
Description and method of prevention
Link 5: portal of entry
This is how the germ enters a new host (through the mouth or cuts, etc.). Wearing gloves, masks, insect repellent are all good protective measures
Description and method of prevention
Link 6: new host
This is the person who gets sick (especially if they are susceptible). Immunization and proper medical treatment are essential
What is the difference between natural (innate) immune response and acquired (adaptive) immune response?
Natural: immediate, non-specific, includes things like neutrophils, macrophages, detritic cells and natural killer cells
Acquired: delayed response, specifically targeted, contains lymphocytes (B and T cells) which recognize and remember pathogens
Describe the first 2 phases the immune response
Phase 1: dendritic cells drawn to injury site and consume foreign cells, activate helper T cells
Phase 2: helper T cells multiply and create killer T cells and B cells. Cytokines also produce antibodies
Describe the 3rd and 4th phases of the immune response
Phase 3: killer T cells strike at foreign cells (known as cell-meditated immune response). Inflammatory response. B cells produce antibody molecules (antibody-meditated immune response)
Phase 4: slowdown. Normal resting levels of response are restored and debris is cleared by spleen, liver, kidneys
Is getting a vaccination a form of active or passive immunity?
Active. The vaccine stimulates the body to make its OWN immune response
STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
CHLAMYDIA
Symptoms: uncommon, vaginal-related pain in women
Diagnosis: lab tests
Treatment: antibiotics
STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
GONORRHEA
Symptoms: urethritis (males)
Diagnosis: lab tests
Treatment: antibiotics
STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
SYPHILIS
Symptoms: chancre (lesion), rash, hair loss, weight loss, flu-like symptoms
Diagnosis: exam of infected tissues and blood test
Treatment: antibiotics (neurosyphilis can be permanent)
STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)
Symptoms: genital warts (cervical cancers)
Diagnosis: appearance of lesions
Treatment: cryosurgery, electrical incision, freezing, or laser
STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
HIV/AIDS
Symptoms: fever, rashes, nausea, more
Diagnosis: blood test
Treatment: antiviral drugs, no cure
STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
HEPATITIS
Symptoms: fever, aches, chills
Diagnosis: blood tests for liver function
Treatment: antiviral drugs and vaccine
