Midterm 2

Question 1

What is the recommended amount of time you should have of vigorous activity per week?

Answer 1

150 min/week

Question 2

What is the best way to manage your sedentary time to reduce the negative health effects?

Answer 2

Take frequent breaks (e.g. getting up and walking around) every 20 min or so

Question 3

What is hypertension and what effects can it have on a person?

Answer 3

Hypertension is the name for high blood pressure, which is related to a lower life expectancy and diseases

Question 4

What are the 2 types of cholesterol that influence heart disease?

Answer 4

BAD~> low density lipoprotein (LDL)
GOOD~> high density label protein (HDL)

Question 5

What is atherosclerosis and what can it lead to?

Answer 5

It is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in artery walls (called plaque). It can increase the risk of a heart attack or blood clot, as well as the potential for a stroke

Question 6

How does smoking contribute to heart disease?

Answer 6

It damages and clogs arteries, as well as reducing HDL and raising LDL. Nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate

Question 7

What is the difference between malignant and benign tumours?

Answer 7

Benign tumours generally don’t invade and spread, and they are often not as harmful. Malignant cells are much more likely to spread and travel to other parts of the body; they are much more dangerous

Question 8

Describe the stages of cancer

Answer 8

1: small tumour with localized growth
2: growth of the tumour and a possible invasion of nearby tissue
3: cancer spreads and regional lymph nodes are affected
4: distant metastasis and spread to other organs

Question 9

Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in Canada. Describe key details about it

Answer 9

It is largely preventable (mostly by not smoking) but difficult to detect at an early stage. Symptoms include a persistent cough or chest pain. Spiral CT scans are recommended for diagnosis. Treatment can include surgery, radiation or chemotherapy

Question 10

What is a way that can reduce the risk of colon cancer and other cancers of the digestive tract?

Answer 10

The use of NSAIDS and regular screening tests

Question 11

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. What ways can women reduce the risk of breast cancer?

Answer 11

Being physically active, limiting alcohol intake, and eating a low fat/vegetable rich diet

Question 12

How can oncogenes affect cancer progression?

Answer 12

Mutated oncogenes drive cancer by promoting uncontrolled cell growth

Question 13

What is metastasis?

Answer 13

The spreading of cancer cells to other tissues and areas of the body

Question 14

What are the 6 links in the chain of infection?

Answer 14

Pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, new host

Question 15

Description and method of prevention
Link 1: pathogen

Answer 15

This is the virus or bacteria that cause illness. Using disinfectants on surfaces works to kill germs

Question 16

Description and method of prevention
Link 2: reservoir

Answer 16

This is where the germ lives and multiplies. Using medical treatment and testing, as well of ridding the living area of insects or rodents

Question 17

Description and method of prevention
Link 3: portal of exit

Answer 17

This is how the germ leaves the reservoir (coughing, sneezing, etc.). Covering coughs, using masks and condoms

Question 18

Description and method of prevention
Link 4: mode of transmission

Answer 18

This is how the germ spreads to a new host. Sanitary practices, including hand washing are effective preventative measures

Question 19

Description and method of prevention
Link 5: portal of entry

Answer 19

This is how the germ enters a new host (through the mouth or cuts, etc.). Wearing gloves, masks, insect repellent are all good protective measures

Question 20

Description and method of prevention
Link 6: new host

Answer 20

This is the person who gets sick (especially if they are susceptible). Immunization and proper medical treatment are essential

Question 21

What is the difference between natural (innate) immune response and acquired (adaptive) immune response?

Answer 21

Natural: immediate, non-specific, includes things like neutrophils, macrophages, detritic cells and natural killer cells
Acquired: delayed response, specifically targeted, contains lymphocytes (B and T cells) which recognize and remember pathogens

Question 22

Describe the first 2 phases the immune response

Answer 22

Phase 1: dendritic cells drawn to injury site and consume foreign cells, activate helper T cells
Phase 2: helper T cells multiply and create killer T cells and B cells. Cytokines also produce antibodies

Question 23

Describe the 3rd and 4th phases of the immune response

Answer 23

Phase 3: killer T cells strike at foreign cells (known as cell-meditated immune response). Inflammatory response. B cells produce antibody molecules (antibody-meditated immune response)
Phase 4: slowdown. Normal resting levels of response are restored and debris is cleared by spleen, liver, kidneys

Question 24

Is getting a vaccination a form of active or passive immunity?

Answer 24

Active. The vaccine stimulates the body to make its OWN immune response

Question 25

STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
CHLAMYDIA

Answer 25

Symptoms: uncommon, vaginal-related pain in women
Diagnosis: lab tests
Treatment: antibiotics

Question 26

STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
GONORRHEA

Answer 26

Symptoms: urethritis (males)
Diagnosis: lab tests
Treatment: antibiotics

Question 27

STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
SYPHILIS

Answer 27

Symptoms: chancre (lesion), rash, hair loss, weight loss, flu-like symptoms
Diagnosis: exam of infected tissues and blood test
Treatment: antibiotics (neurosyphilis can be permanent)

Question 28

STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

Answer 28

Symptoms: genital warts (cervical cancers)
Diagnosis: appearance of lesions
Treatment: cryosurgery, electrical incision, freezing, or laser

Question 29

STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
HIV/AIDS

Answer 29

Symptoms: fever, rashes, nausea, more
Diagnosis: blood test
Treatment: antiviral drugs, no cure

Question 30

STIs — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention:
HEPATITIS

Answer 30

Symptoms: fever, aches, chills
Diagnosis: blood tests for liver function
Treatment: antiviral drugs and vaccine