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Psych 104 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Change in heritable traits in a population over time

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2
Q

What is Natural Selection

A

The process by which evolution occurs

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3
Q

What is Behvaiour

A

Organism’s response to stimulus

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4
Q

What are genes?

A

traits

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5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A person’s specific genetic makeup

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6
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable charecteristics due to genes

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7
Q

What is polygeneic trransmission?

A

When a number of gene pairs combine to create a single phenotypic trait

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8
Q

What is a recombinant DNA procedure?

A

Inserting combined DNA into host cell

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9
Q

What is Gene knockout procedure?

A

Alter a specific gene so It cant function

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10
Q

What is heritability?

A

How much of a variation in a characteristic within a population can be attributed to genes

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11
Q

What is concordance rate?

A

rate of co occurence of a characteristic among individuals

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12
Q

What is the Theory of Evolution?

A

Slow change in allele frequency of a population over time

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13
Q

What is a polygamous mating system?

A

Unequal contributions

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14
Q

What is natural selection

A

Characteristics that increase your likelihood of survival remain in the population and become common over time

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14
Q

What is a monogamous mating system?

A

Two parents have equal parental investment

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14
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female, many males

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15
Q

What is polygyny?

A

One male, many females

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15
Q

What is polygynandry?

A

Many males, many females

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16
Q

What is cooperation?

A

One individual helps another and both gain advantage

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17
Q

What is altruism?

A

One individual gains advantage, other puts them above himself

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18
Q

What is Kin selected Theory?

A

Help individuals with similar genes
altruism and relatedness are directly related
K selected

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19
Q

What is Reciprocal Altruism Theory?

A

Accountability
“I help you know you help later”
R selected

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20
Q

What is sensation?

A

Stimulation of the sense organs

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21
Q

What is perception?

A

Selection, organization, interpretation of sensory input

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22
Q

What is transduction?

A

process where sensations are translated to electrochemical transmission

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23
Q

What is stimulus?

A

Detectable input from environment

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24
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect

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25
Q

What is Just Noticeable Difference?

A

the smallest difference you can detect

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26
Q

What is Weber’s Law

A

Says that it’s easier to tell the difference in a change of low stimulus or high stimulus

27
Q

What is Fechner’s Law?

A

Subjective sensation is proportional to the logarithm of stimulus intensity

28
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes

29
Q

What is subliminal pereception?

A

registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

30
Q

what is sensory adaption?

A

gradual decline in sensitivity to stimulus

31
Q

What is frequency, amplitude, purity and wavelength

A

W and F: pitch
A: volume
P: timbre

32
Q

What is auditory localization?

A

locating a sound in space

33
Q

What is the pathway of smell (olfaction)?

A

Olfactory cilia > Neural Impulse > Olfactory nerve > Brain

34
Q

What is the pathway of taste?

A

taste buds > neural impulse > thalamus > cortex

35
Q

What is the pathway of sense of touch?

A

sensory receptors > spiral column > brainstem > cross to opposite side of brain > parietal lobe

36
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Body’s painkiller

37
Q

What is the kinesthetic system?

A

Monitors the positions of various parts of the bod

38
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

Responds to gravity and and keeps you informed of your body in space

39
Q

What are the receptor cells of the eye?

A

Rods: low light/ black and white
Cones: colour/ day light

40
Q

What is the distribution of receptor cells on the eye?

A

Fovea: cones
Peripheral retina: rods and cones

41
Q

what is the Visual Pathway

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus > Visual Striate Cortex > Retinotopic organization

42
Q

What is myopia?

A

Inability to see distant objects clearly

43
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Inability to see near objects

44
Q

What is additive colour mixture?

A

Superimposes lights

45
Q

What is subtractive colour mixture?

A

Removes some wavelengths of light

46
Q

What is trichromatic theory?

A

Eye has specialized receptors to red green blue

47
Q

What is opponent process theory?

A

Explains afterimages

48
Q

What are examples of monocular depth cues?

A

Occlusion
Relative height
Relative size
Perspective convergence
Familiar size
Atmospheric perspective

49
Q

What is binocular depth cues?

A

Retinal disparity
Convergence

50
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Individual elements to whole elements

51
Q

What is top down processing?

A

Whole to individual elements
Uses past knowledge

52
Q

What are Gestalt principles?

A

humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects

Figure ground
Principle of proximity
Principle of similarity
Principle of closure
Principle of good continuation
Principle of common fate

53
Q

What is figure ground?

A

Organize scenes to a central focus

54
Q

WHat is common fate?

A

when elements move together, humans see them as a group as human nature associates objects that share a common motion

55
Q

What is consciousness?

A

The awareness of external and internal stimuli

56
Q

What is conscious?

A

Mental events we are aware of

57
Q

What is pre conscious?

A

Events are outside of current awareness

58
Q

What is unconscious?

A

Not brought into conscious awareness

59
Q

What is awareness?

A

Ability to directly know and perceive

60
Q

What is attention?

A

Concentration of awareness excluding other stimuli

61
Q

What is sleep regulated by?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

62
Q

What is stage 1 of sleep?

A

Transition to light sleep (1-10 mins)

63
Q

What is stage 2 of sleep

A

Deeper sleep (10-25 mins)
Things start to decelerate

64
Q

What are sleep spindles

A

1-2 seconds of rapid brain activity

65
Q

What are stages 3-4 of sleep?

A

Slow Wave sleep (~30 mins)

66
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

A systematic procedure that increases suggestability

67
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Chemicals similar to those found in our brain

68
Q

What are agonist drugs?

A

Drugs that increase activity of a neurotransmitter

69
Q

What are antagonist drugs?

A

Drugs that inhibit or decrease activity of a neurotransmitter

Psych 104 (2 decks)

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