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Drugs and Behaviour > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Summarize the absorption process for alcohol
What factors affect absorption?

A

Slow in stomach, fast in intestine
Molecules are unionized, pass membrane easily
Speed of absorption depends on gastric emptying
Concentration dependent diffusion

Affected by: having food in stomach, sex, ethnicity, age, drinking history, medications

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2
Q

Summarize the distribution process for alcohol
What factors affect distribution?

A

More body water = lower BAC
Females have less body water

Sex, age

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3
Q

Summarize the Metabolism/Elimination process for alcohol
What factors affect Metabolism/Elimination?

A

First pass in liver
Zero-order elimination (steady rate)
Breakdown by MEOS - enzyme, 5-10%

Affected by: age, ethnicity, drinking history, eating

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4
Q

What neurotransmitters does alcohol affect?

A

Dopamine, GABA, Glutamate, Opioids

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5
Q

What GABA receptor does alcohol bind to? What effect does it have?

A

GABAa
Positive allosteric modulation: enhancing inhibitory effects of GABA
By increasing the frequency + duration of the Cl- channel opening and decreasing channel closing

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6
Q

What are the effects of alcohol on GABA pathways?

A

Positive reinforcement of DA reward pathway
Inhibits regions of PFC: deficits in decision making (hypofunction)
Inhibits cerebellum: loss of balance, coordination, motor control
Inhibits subcortical regions: changes in cognitive arousal, attention, memory, mood

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7
Q

What glutamate receptor does alcohol bind to? What effect does it have?

A

NMDA
Antagonist effect, decreases excitation
Alcohol binds within the ion channel, blocking the central pore

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8
Q

What effect does alcohol have on Glutamate receptors?

A

Inhibits PFC: Impulsivity, impaired control (hypofunction)
Inhibits cerebellum: Interferes with memory formation and neurogenesis
Inhibits subcortical regions

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9
Q

What effect does alcohol have on Opioid receptors?

A

Indirect effect
Peptide precursor: causes B endorphin release from the pituitary and hypothalamus

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10
Q

What effect does alcohol have on Opioid receptors?

A

Enhanced drug liking and pleasure
Increased B endorphin release + binding in NAcc
Met-enkephalin + dynorphin increase in NAcc

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11
Q

How does alcohol affect the DA pathway?

A

Increased GABA activity or decreased GLu activity increases the amount of DA in reinforcement pathway
Decreased GLu increases DA in mesocortical pathway

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12
Q

What is RO 15-4513? Describe its properties and effects

A

Synthesized drug by Hoffman-Laroche
Competitive antagonist to alcohol on GABAaR

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13
Q

Would RO 15-4513 be suitable to treat alcohol abuse disorder? Why/Why not?

A

Does not block lethal effects of alcohol
Can cause convulsions

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14
Q

Are there any benefits to alcohol consumption (behavioural or otherwise)?

A

LOW consumptions in older people: reduce relative risk of coronary heart disease, heart attack, diabetes, stroke, reduced blood clotting

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15
Q

What is a gamma alcoholic?

A

An alcoholic that cannot control their drinking and is physically dependent
Indicated by high levels of tolerance and withdrawal

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16
Q

What is a problem drinker according to Jellinek?

A

A person who drinks increasingly heavily and experiences frequent blackouts

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17
Q

How do non-alcoholics progress to gamma alcoholics?

A

Moderate-social drinking increases consistently, increasing until tolerance and withdrawal make them dependent

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18
Q

How might expectation impact the effects of alcohol?

A

The perceived effect of alcohol consumption may lead to increased drinking

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19
Q

_____ brought wine to the UK
_______ brought by irish settlers

A

Romans
Distillation

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20
Q

What is the temperance movement?
Did it work? (USA/CAN)

A

The push against drinking and alcohol consumption
USA: yes due to religious ties
CAN: yes, not as successful

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21
Q

At what levels does alcohol act as a stimulant?

A

Low to mid consumption - 50-150mg/100ml

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22
Q

At what levels does alcohol act as a depressant?

A

Mid to high consumption - >150-290mg/100mL

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23
Q

What is the lethal dose of alcohol?

A

Depends the person
For alcoholics it could be as high as 360mg/100mL

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24
Q

Generic name
Amytal, Nembutal, Luminal, Librium, Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Rohypnol, Rivotril/Klonopin, Lunesta, Ambien, Buspar

A

Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, Chlordiazepoxide, Alprazolam, Lorazepam, Diazepam, Flunitrazepam, Clonazepam, Eszopiclone, Zolpidem, Buspirone

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25
Q

Drug class
Amytal, Nembutal, Luminal, Librium, Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Rohypnol, Rivotril, Lunesta, Ambien, Buspar

A

Barbiturates: Amytal, Nembutal,Luminal
Benzodiazepines: Librium, Xanx, Ativan, Valium, Rohypnol, Rivotril
Z drugs: Lunesta, Ambien,
Other: Buspar

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26
Q

Main effects of Barbiturates?
Licit use?

A

Muscle relaxation, lowered respiration/BP/heart rate, decreased time in REM and deep sleep
Short term insomnia, anxiety, seizures

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27
Q

Main effects of Benzodiazepines?
Licit use?

A

Muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant properties, increased appetite/weight gain, reduced sleep latency/night time awakening/time in REM/deep sleep, increased total sleep time
Insomnia, anxiety, epilepsy, panic disorder

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28
Q

Main effects of Z-drugs?
Licit use?

A

Psychomotor impairment, reduced sleep latency/night time awakening, increased total sleep time
Insomnia

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29
Q

What is the main licit use of Buspirone?

A

Treatment of GAD

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30
Q

Summarize the neuropharmacology (binding and effect) of barbiturates

A

Barbiturates bind to GABAa receptor as positive allosteric modulators
They increase the inhibitory effects of GABA by opening the Cl- channel into cell + hyperpolarizing cell

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31
Q

Which drugs (barb/benzo,z drug) have the highest abuse potential?
How do we know?

A

Short acting barb.
Anxiolytics that target a1
From self-administration tests and behavioural conditioning

32
Q

What effects are common between barb., benzos, z drugs?

A

Psychomotor impairment

33
Q

What are 2 specific memory effects of benzos?

A
  1. Anterograde amnesia (new info aquisition)
  2. Impaired implicit memory (task performance)
34
Q

Amytal - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Amobarbital
Blues/Blue heaven/Blue devils
Barbiturate
45min-1hr
Truth serum

35
Q

Nembutal - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Pentobarbital
Yellow jackets/mexican yellow
Barbiturate
20-60 mins
Suicide/Euth

36
Q

Luminal - generic, street, class, speed

A

Phenobarbital
Purple hearts/goof balls
Barbiturate
5-30 mins

37
Q

Valium - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Diazepam
Eggs/Chill pills/Vallies
Benzodiazepine
15-60 mins
Euphoric effects

38
Q

Rohypnol - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Flunitrazepam
Date rape/roofies
Benzodiazepine
15-20 mins
Date rape use

39
Q

Klonopin/Rivotril - generic, street, class, speed

A

Clonazepam
K/K-pin/super valium
Benzodiazepine
30-60 mins

40
Q

Librium -generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Chlordiazepoxide
Candy/Downers/Tranks
Benzodiazepine
15-30 mins
Self medication

41
Q

Xanax - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Alprazolam
Xan/Xannies/Footballs
Benzodiazepine
10mins - 1hr
Euphoric effects

42
Q

Ativan - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Lorazepam
Candy/Downer/Tranks
Benzodiazepine
20-30min
Date rape/self medication

43
Q

Lunesta - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Eszopiclone
Sleepers/Zombies/sleep-easies
Z-drug
< 1hr
Sedative effects

44
Q

Ambien - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use

A

Zolpidem
R2/Roche/Roofies
Z-drug
30mins - 1hr
Euphoria, reward path

45
Q

BuSpar - generic, class, licit use

A

Buspirone
OTHER drug
Treatment for GAD

46
Q

How does alcohol affect self administration in animals and humans?

A

Reinforcing effect, lowered threshold for ICSS paradigm

47
Q

What are the acute effects of alcohol?

A

Hangovers
Withdrawal effects: sensitivity, rebound excitation
Reproductive effects: increased erection time, reduced genital arousal in female bodies

48
Q

What are the chronic effects of alcohol?

A

Brain damage
Liver damage
B1 deficiency
Heart disease
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Alcohol use disorder

49
Q

What are the NPI treatments for alcohol addiction?

A

Abstinence
Harm reduction
Contingency management (positive reinforcement)

50
Q

The popularity of chewing tobacco in the USA can be contributed to what?

A

The rejection of European ideals and the independence from the crown

51
Q

What are the different routes of administration for nicotine?
List them by peak time

A

Inhalation: 7-15min
Intranasal: 10min
Buccal/Sublingual: 20-35min
Transdermal: 4hr

52
Q

Where does the most nicotine breakdown occur? What happens to it?

A

In the liver
Breakdown by CYP2A6 enzyme to produce inactive metabolite

53
Q

How do history, sex, pregnancy, age, food, menthol, genetics, and ions make nicotine elimination variable?

A

History: non smokers produce fewer enzymes
Sex: female bodies clear nic faster
Preg: faster elimination
Age: slowed in older people
Food: full stomach speeds elimination
Menthol: Inhibits enzyme
Genes: fast vs slow metabolizers
Ions: >7 increases nic reabsorption

54
Q

Is nicotine reinforcing? Why/Why not?

A

Yes
Direct stimulation of DA reward path in NAcc
Indirect stimulation (excitement) of GLu release onto DA neurons in VTA and NAcc

55
Q

What are the risks of nicotine consumption/use?

A

Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
COPD - lungs
Reproductive issues
Nic poisoning

56
Q

What are the pharmacotherapy treatments for nicotine addiction?

A

Replacement therapy: use different source of nic, gradual weaning
Bupropion: reduce reward effect
Varenicline: partial agonist on DA pathway, more likability

57
Q

What is mecamylamine? How does it act? How/Why would you use this in discrimination?

A

A drug with an antagonist effect on the neuronal nAChRs
If a stimulating property of nic can be blocked using it, it indicates the effect was a result of action on nAChRs

58
Q

What risks does smoking / nicotine have for children?

A

Miscarried, premature, ill babies
Nicotine poisoning from ingested products
Leukemia, Lymphoma, brain cancer
SIDS
Secondhand and thirdhand smoke

59
Q

What are mainstream, sidestream, thirdhand smoke?

A

Mainstream: the smoke exhaled by the smoker
Sidestream: released from the cig between puffs
Thirdhand: the tobacco’s toxic particles that land and stay on surfaces

60
Q

How do addiction models explain the need to smoke?

A

Constant level: attempt to avoid withdrawal and maintain constant level of nic in system
Increased reinforce: attempt to reach highs of nic in brain
Dual-reinforce: Sensory experiences / cues acquire reinforcing properties for smoking

61
Q

What is the constant level theory? What study supports this?

A

The theory that people smoke to maintain a constant level of nicotine in their system to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Study: 50% of smokers light up within 30mins of waking

62
Q

What is the Bolus + Increased Reinforcement theory? What study can support this?

A

The theory that people smoke because of the pleasurable and reinforcing effects of a fast-high dose of nicotine
Study: disproved - no spike in brain nicotine, but an increase in the concentration that never falls before next puff

63
Q

What is the Dual-Reinforcement theory? What study can support this?

A

The theory that people continue smoking because the cues associated with it become secondary reinforcers
Study: nicotine enhances the effect of weak reinforcers

64
Q

Summarize the limitations the have impacted nicotine research

A

Design flaws/ shortcomings that make interpreting results difficult
Lack placebo/control
Lack double blind
Expectancy and bias cannot be ruled out

65
Q

What are the acute effects of nicotine? How does blood plasma relate to this?

A

Pleasure
Rush/Buzz/High
A study showed that maximal ratings of “high” occur as levels of nic in blood plasma increase

66
Q

Summarize the effects of nicotine on B2 receptor subunit

A

Increased DA activity in NAcc when VTA is stimulated + self-admin nic normal dose. Improved cognitive function & exploratory behavior

67
Q

Summarize the effects of nicotine on the a5 receptor subunit

A

Mediation of aversive effects of high nic levels
Reduces self-administration in response to negative effects

68
Q

How was drug discrimination used to determine the NT involved in the effects of alcohol?

A

Using:
Serotonin receptor blockers
Opioid receptor blockers
Positive GABA modulators
GLu receptor blockers

69
Q

How does alcohol affect perception?
How do can test this?

A

Lowered: visual accuracy, peripheral vision, sensitivity to taste/smell, pain sensitivity
Critical flicker fusion test

70
Q

How does alcohol affect sleep? In non-alcoholics and in chronic users

A

Non-alc: sleep aid, improved quantity and quality, REM rebound brings wakefulness
Chronic: difficulty falling asleep, severe insomnia, altered sleep patterns

71
Q

How does alcohol affect memory? In low and high quantities
How can we test this?

A

Low-Mid: affect attention, encoding, retrieval of info, storage of info
High: additional impaired accuracy of verbal memory, blackouts
Memory scanning tests

72
Q

How does alcohol affect motor performance?

A

Slows reaction time
Decreased response speed and accuracy
Poor hand-eye coordination
Poor balance

73
Q

How does alcohol affect driving ability?

A

Poor reaction time
Poor error monitoring
Poor orientation

74
Q

How does alcohol affect disinhibition/behaviour control?

A

Increased impulsivity
Improved performance in mild-anxiety-inducing tasks

75
Q

What effects does alcohol have on the body in low and high quantities?

A

LOW: Flushed skin (dilated capillaries), Temporary warmth
HIGH: Rapid heat loss
BOTH: inhibits antidiuretic hormone - increased urine + water loss

Drugs and Behaviour (2 decks)

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