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Intro to Environmental Engineering > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Issues with spatial distribution of water

A

Americas have higher water than people, opposite in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Oceania has little of both. Increasing demand for water in cities, especially in the Mountain West requires transport over greater distances and causes water conflicts between urban population centers and rural agricultural centers

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2
Q

Assumed water usage and WW production for a typical American

A

100 gal/day

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3
Q

Nutrients (water pollutant)

A

Sources: fertilizer, municipal wastewater, runoff, detergents. Effects: eutrophication, brown & slimy waters

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4
Q

Pathogens (water pollutant)

A

Sources: un- or poorly- treated sewage, CSOs. Effects: disease (cholera, diarrhea) and/or death

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5
Q

Toxic organics/emerging contaminants (water pollutant)

A

Sources: pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, sunscreen and other personal care products, endocrine disruptors. Effects: poisoning of humans and other species, disrupt metabolism and reproduction

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6
Q

Oxygen-depleting substances (water pollutant)

A

Sources: organic matter (BOD), municipal WW. Effects: fish death

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7
Q

Toxic metals (water pollutant)

A

Sources: Industrial discharge, mine tailings. Effects: poisoning of humans and other species

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8
Q

Suspended solids (water pollutant)

A

Sources: Soil erosion, industrial processes. Effects: murkiness, clogging of bed

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9
Q

Acid rain

A

Sources: contaminants due to power plants. Effects: acidification, human & ecosystem health impacts, damage to monuments

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10
Q

Point source pollution

A

Pollution that comes from a distinct source and be tracked and regulated easily

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11
Q

Nonpoint source pollution

A

Diffuse pollution that comes from many smaller sources and is harder to track and regulate

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12
Q

BOD

A

A measure of the potential for oxygen depletion from a pollutant; the amount of O2 needed to decompose organic matter

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13
Q

BOD5

A

5-day BOD measured after 5 days in a BOD bottle. = (DOi - DOf) / dilution factor

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14
Q

uBOD/L0

A

Maximum amount of O2 required to consume all organic matter in a sample after an infinite amount of time

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15
Q

CBOD

A

Amount of O2 required to decompose all carbon-containing OM

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16
Q

NBOD

A

Amount of O2 required to decompose all nitrogen-containing OM

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17
Q

ThOD

A

CBOD + NBOD

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18
Q

BODt

A

(DOi - DOt)/dilution factor

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19
Q

BODt

A

L0(1-e^-kt)

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20
Q

L0

A

BODt + Lt

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21
Q

kT

A

k20 * (theta^T-20)

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22
Q

BOD lab procedure

A

Add a mixture of nutrients, distilled water, and bacteria to two 2 BOD bottles, then add a WW sample to one such that the total volume of liquid in each bottle is the same. Store them in darkness at 20 C for 5 days and measure the DO before and after.

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23
Q

Processes in a water body after an oxygen demanding discharge

A

Decomposition of OM > reaeration and DO decreases until tc is reached. After reaching the critical point, reaeration > decomposition of OM and DO increases once more

24
Q

Effect of temp, L0

A

Increasing temp increases kD, so the D > R section of the curve gets steeper, tc wil occur sooner, and R > D section gets elongated. Higher L0 means tc will occur later and D > R section will become longer

25
Physical, chemical, and biological constituents in untreated water
Turbidity, particles (including SS and OM), color, taste, odor, temperature, inorganic constituents (major & minor), natural and anthropogenic organics, organisms (bacteria, algae, viruses, protozoan), radionuclides (radon, uranium)
26
Processes removing turbidity and particles
Coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, granular filtration
27
Processes removing major dissolved inorganics
Softening, aeration, membranes
28
Processes removing minor dissolved inorganics
Membranes
29
Processes removing pathogens
Sedimentation, filtration, disinfection
30
Processes removing major dissolved organics
Membranes, adsorption
31
MCLG
Maximim contaminant level below which there is no known or expected health risk. Non-enforceable
32
MCL
Maximum contaminant level allowed in drinking water. Set as close to MCLG as possible. Enforceable
33
Sedimentation
Clarifiers/sediment basins. Slow flow of water promotes sedimentation & removal of SS by gravity
34
Coagulation/flocculation
Chemical addition neutralizes charges on particles, then gentle stirring of water causes particles to clump together into flocs. Removes particles that would not otherwise settle
35
Filtration
Water is run through media in which small particles are trapped. Requires backwashing from time to time
36
Disinfection
Addition of Cl (free or chloramines), O3, heat, or UV to kill pathogens, bacteria, & viruses. Primary vs. residual (secondary)
37
Settling velocity
Calculated by Stokes' law; velocity above which particles will not completely settle
38
Critical velocity
vc = Q / H. Determines which particles will settle in a given basin based on physical system parameters. Vs > Vc will be removed completely
39
Vs > Vc
100% efficiency
40
Vs < Vc
efficiency = (Vs / Vc) * 100%
41
Coagulant dose
Coagulant dose can be estimated from batch lab test results for optimum dose, flow rate, and reduction level needed
42
Filtration rate
Q / Af (filter sizing - area)
43
Free chlorine advantages and disadvantages
Adv: strong, effective against most microbes, simple maintenance and operation, inexpensive. Disadv: hazardous to store, sensitive to water quality, potential for harmful byproduct (DBPs) - react with to NOM to form carcinogens
44
Chloramines advantages and disadvantages
Adv: less toxic and hazardous, no DBP, stable in distr. system (good residual). Disadv: not good against viruses, protozoan cysts, and bacterial spores
45
UV advantages and disadvantages
Adv: very effective against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa; independent of water quality; no DBPs. Disadv: no residual effect, not very effective against viruses, expensive
46
O3 advantages and disadvantages
Adv: effective against all types of bacteria. Disadv: expensive and complex, sensitive to water quality, forms DBPs with Br, no residual effect
47
Primary disinfection
In plant, results in clearer effluent
48
Residual disinfection
Pre-loading to overcome any contamination along the distribution line
49
Effect of pH on chlorination
Cl2 --> HOCl. HOCl <--> OCl- and H+. pKa = 7.5 ideal (HOCl is stronger than OCl-). HOCl favored more by lower pH
50
Log reduction method
Common quantification of pathogen removal. 1 log = 1/10, 2 log = 1/100, 3 log = 1/1000
51
Ct
Product of concentration and time. Determines effect of pathogen removal technologies
52
Physical, chemical, and biological constituents in municipal WW
BOD, SS, pathogens (TC), nutrients (TN & TP), toxics, and emerging materials
53
Processes removing BOD
primary and secondary sedimentation, biological reactor
54
Processes removing SS
primary and secondary sedimentation
55
Processes removing pathogens
Primary sedimentation, disinfection, biological reactor
56
Processes removing nutrients
Sedimentation, biological reactor, chemical precipitation
57
Processes removing toxic chemicals
Sedimentation, biological rector, and advanced oxidative tech

Intro to Environmental Engineering (2 decks)

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