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anatomy (midterm 2) > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the bone support function ?

A

it supports tissues and provided attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles

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2
Q

what is the bone protection function?

A

it protects internal organs

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3
Q

how does bone maintain mineral homeostasis?

A

it stores and maintains homeostatic control of the blood concentration of calcium phosphate in bone mineral

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4
Q

what bone marrow produces blood cells ?

A

red bone marrow

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5
Q

how does bone store triglyceride?

A

bone stores energy in the form of triglycerides in yellow bone marrow/adipose cells

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6
Q

what are 6 functions of bone?

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. assistance in movement
  4. mineral homeostasis
  5. blood cell production
  6. triglyceride storage
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7
Q

what is compact bone?

A

organized into Haversian systems/osteon on the “perimeter/lining” of bone

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8
Q

what is spongy bone ?

A

thin columns of bone called trabeculae on the “inside” of bone

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9
Q

osteogenic cells origin ?

A

mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

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10
Q

osteogenic cells location ?

A

periosteum

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11
Q

osteogenic cells function ?

A

to become more differentiated to form osteoblasts

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12
Q

osteoblasts origin?

A

osteogenic cells that have differentiated

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13
Q

osteoblasts location?

A

bone surface/lining and bone itself

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14
Q

osteoblasts function?

A

forms new bones + adds growth to existing bone tissue

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15
Q

osteocytes origin?

A

osteoblasts that were encased in mineralized matrix

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16
Q

osteocytes location?

A

reside in lacunae in close proximity to blood vessels

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17
Q

osteocytes function?

A

maintaining strength and health of the bone matrix

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18
Q

osteoclasts origin?

A

derived from the fusing of many monocytes (blood cells)

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19
Q

osteoclasts location?

A

bone surface/lining and bone itself

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20
Q

osteoclasts function?

A

break down/reabsorb bone

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21
Q

what is an osteoid?

A

unmineralized bone matrix

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22
Q

what are the two types of bone formation?

A
  1. intramembranous ossification
  2. endochondral ossification
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23
Q

flat bones of skull + mandible develop via what bone formation type?

A

intramembranous ossification

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24
Q

endochondral ossification

A

is a type of skeletal development in which hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone

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25
Q

long bones are developed via what bone formation type?

A

endochondral ossification

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26
Q

growth plate function?

A

allows for growth length-wise until puberty

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27
Q

what happens to the epiphyseal plate/growth plate at puberty?

A

the cartilage gets replaced by bone

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28
Q

bone remodeling

A

is when bone is removed and new bone is laid down in the same location

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29
Q

bone modeling

A

is when bone is removed in one place and laid down in another

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30
Q

what is a sesamoid bone?

A

a bone that is embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces

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31
Q

what is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

patella

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32
Q

fracture healing steps…

A
  1. initial site of fracture = forms fracture hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling
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33
Q

what is osteoporosis ?

A

when the balance between new bone formation and bone breakdown is disrupted —> bone lose occurring

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34
Q

how does the body maintain a normal body temp?

A

through thermogenesis (as a muscle contracts it generates heat)

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35
Q

what are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?

A
  1. excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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36
Q

what are fascia in CT?

A

a band of CT that surrounds muscle or other organs

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37
Q

what is the epimysium in CT?

A

CT that encircle the entire muscle

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38
Q

what is the perimysium in CT?

A

CT that surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibers

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39
Q

what is the endomysium in CT?

A

surrounds and separates individual muscle fibers within fascicles

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40
Q

what are fascicles in CT?

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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41
Q

what is a tendon?

A

a band of CT that attaches a muscle to bone

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42
Q

what is the aponeurosis?

A

tendons that extend in a broad flat layer = how occipitofrontalis muscles attach to the skull

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43
Q

what is a muscle fiber?

A

a muscle cell

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44
Q

what is a myoblast?

A

embryonic cells that fuse to form muscle fibers

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45
Q

what are satellite cells ?

A

myoblast-derived cells that can result in some muscle regeneration

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46
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane of muscle fibers

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47
Q

function T tubules?

A

allow for conduction of the nerve impulse received at the NMJ all the way through the fiber

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48
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of muscle

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49
Q

what is a myofibril ?

A

small special contractile structures that run through the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers

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50
Q

what is the SR?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers

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51
Q

what are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?

A

1.excitability
2. contractibility
3. extensibility
4. elasticity

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52
Q

what are fascia ?

A

a band of CT that surrounds muscle or other organs

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53
Q

what is the epimysium ?

A

CT that encircle the entire muscle

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54
Q

what is the perimysium ?

A

CT that surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibers

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55
Q

what is the endomysium ?

A

surrounds and separates individual muscle fibers within fascicles

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56
Q

what are fascicles?

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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57
Q

what is a tendon?

A

a band of CT that attaches a muscle to bone

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58
Q

what is the aponeurosis ?

A

tendons that extend in a broad flat layer = how occipitofrontalis muscles attach to the skull

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59
Q

what is a muscle fiber ?

A

a muscle cell

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60
Q

what is a myoblast ?

A

an embryonic cell that fuse to form muscle fibers

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61
Q

what is a satellite cell?

A

a myoblast-derived cell that can result in some muscle regeneration

62
Q

what is the sarcolemma ?

A

the plasma membrane of muscle fibers

63
Q

function of T tubules?

A

allows for the conduction of the nerve impulse received at the NMJ all the way through the fiber

64
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

the cytoplasm of the muscle

65
Q

what is a myofibril ?

A

small specialized contractile structures that run through the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers

66
Q

what is the SR?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers

67
Q

what is the contractile protein that makes up thin filaments?

A

actin

68
Q

actin structure?

A

twisted helical filament

69
Q

what is the contractile protein that makes up thick filaments?

A

myosin (motor protein)

70
Q

myosin structure?

A

a “head” and a “tail”

71
Q

what is the function of myosin in muscle contraction?

A

pushes/pull movement that requires ATP

72
Q

what is the function of actin in muscle contraction?

A

has a myosin binding site for myosin heads to bind to for contraction

73
Q

what is the function of troponin in muscle contraction?

A

Ca+ binds to troponin on thin filament which exposes the myosin binding sites

74
Q

what is the function of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?

A

covers/blocks myosin from contacting actin (blocking position)

75
Q

importance of Ca+ in muscle contraction?

A

required to start contraction

76
Q

importance of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

required for the formation and detachment of cross bridges

77
Q

what parts of the sarcomere shorten during contraction?

A

ONLY the H zone

78
Q

what parts of the sarcomere stay the same length during both contraction + relaxation?

A

both thin and thick filaments

79
Q

what are somatic motor neurons?

A

the nerves that stimulate skeletal muscle at the neuromuscular junction

80
Q

where are somatic motor neuron cell bodies located?

A

the brain + spinal cord

81
Q

what is the synapse?

A

region where communication occurs between 2 neurons/between a neuron and a target cell

82
Q

what is the synaptic cleft?

A

a gap between the 2 cells at a synapse

83
Q

what is the synaptic end bulb?

A

the part of the motor neuron axon that terminates on the muscle

84
Q

location of the synaptic vesicle?

A

located at the synaptic end bulb and contain the ACh

85
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical messenger

86
Q

what is the motor end plate?

A

the region of the sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs

87
Q

ACh receptor function?

A

to bind ACh neurotransmitters to allow Na+ to flow into the cell

88
Q

what is a nerve impulse?

A

electrical signal/action potential

89
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that is released at the NMJ?

A

ACh

90
Q

what ion channels are ACh receptors?

A

ligand gated ion channels

91
Q

where are the ligand gated ion channels located?

A

present on the motor end plate

92
Q

how is the action potential generated ?

A

by the entry of Na+ ions through the ACh receptors

93
Q

what are T tubules ?

A

tunnels from the surface of the sarcolemma going in towards the center of the cell

94
Q

what structure transmit the action potential rapidly to the SR?

A

T tubules

95
Q

what happens once the action potential has reached the SR?

A

Ca+ is released, which unities muscle contraction

96
Q

what happens to the sarcomere to initiate contraction when calcium and ATP are available?

A

the sliding filament theory

97
Q

what is the sliding filament theory?

A

when thick filament pulls thin filaments past it/overlap each other

98
Q

what is the scientific terms for a joint?

A

an ARTICULATION
(OR arthrosis (singular), arthroses (plural)

99
Q

what is the study of joints?

A

arthrology

100
Q

what is the study of motion ?

A

kinesiology

101
Q

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
102
Q

what is the fibrous structural classification (joints)?

A

when bones held together by dense regular CT

103
Q

what is the cartilaginous structural classification (joints)?

A

when bones are joined by cartilage

104
Q

what is the synovial structural classification (joints)?

A

when bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity

105
Q

what are the 3 function classifications of joints?

A
  1. synarthrosis
  2. amphiarthrosis
  3. diarthrosis
106
Q

what is the synarthrosis function classification (joints)?

A

is an immobile joint

107
Q

what is the amphiarthrosis function classification (joints)?

A

is a slightly mobile joint

108
Q

what is the diarthrosis function classification (joints)?

A

is a freely moveable joint

109
Q

what is a sprain?

A

twisting of join that stretches or tears ligaments + swelling and damage of nearby blood vessels

110
Q

what is a strain

A

overstretched or partially torn muscle + generally less serious

111
Q

what are bursa?

A

fluid-filled sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons or bones rub

112
Q

what are a tendon sheaths?

A

elongated bursae around tendons where they rub (ex: wrist + ankle)

113
Q

male pelvic arch is what?

A

more triangular

114
Q

female pelvic arch is what?

A

bigger than 90 degree angle

115
Q

flexion

A

bending movement that DECREASES angle

116
Q

extension

A

bending movement that INCREASES angle

117
Q

hyperextension

A

abnormal/excessive extension

118
Q

abduction

A

away from midline

119
Q

adduction

A

towards the midline

120
Q

circumduction

A

one region stays stationary and the other end makes a circular motions

121
Q

rotation

A

rotation away/towards midline of body

122
Q

elevation

A

movement in superior direction

123
Q

depression

A

movement in inferior direction

124
Q

protraction

A

pushing shoulder blades together = scapula protrude out of body

125
Q

retraction

A

“hunching shoulders”

126
Q

inversion

A

foot IN towards body

127
Q

eversion

A

foot OUT, sole of foot faces away from body

128
Q

dorsiflexion

A

toes up toward body

129
Q

plantarflexion

A

point toes down away from body

130
Q

supination

A

palms facing anteriorly

131
Q

pronation

A

palms facing posteriorly

132
Q

flexion of wrist

A

move hand/wrist towards body (anterior)

133
Q

extension of wrist

A

move hand away from body (posterior)

134
Q

longus in muscle names means what?

A

tendon is long NOT the muscle

135
Q

what’s another term for dislocated?

A

luxated

136
Q

what is a dislocated bone?

A

displacement/separation of 2 bones where they meet at a joint

137
Q

what is a common dislocation?

A

patellar luxation

138
Q

what are the components of a typical synovial joint?

A
  • Articular capsule
  • Joint cavity
  • Synovial fluid
  • Articular cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Nerves + blood vessels
139
Q

what are the major joints of the axial skeleton ?

A

temporomandibular joint + intervertebral articulations

140
Q

what are the major joints of the upper appendicular skeleton?

A

glenohumeral joint

141
Q

what are the major joints of the lower appendicular skeleton?

A

tibiofemoral joint

142
Q

what are the 6 ligaments in the knee?

A
  • lateral collateral
  • medial collateral
  • anterior cruciate ligament
  • posterior cruciate ligament
  • lateral meniscus
  • medial meniscus
143
Q

when pronating what happens to the radius + ulna?

A

ulna = rigid
radius = ONLY moves

144
Q

what cell isn’t derived from a MSC cell?

A

osteoclasts

145
Q

what is the epiphyseal line?

A

what is left after the growth plate is replaced

146
Q

what membrane is in between the ulna+radius AND in between the tibia and fibula?

A

interosseous membrane

147
Q

what is the fibrous band on the anterior side of the wrist?

A

flexor retinaculum

148
Q

what is the fibrous band on the posterior side of the wrist?

A

extensor retinaculum

149
Q

what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles ?

A
  1. subscapularis
  2. supraspinatus
  3. infraspinatus
  4. teres minor
150
Q

what 4 muscles make up the quads?

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. vastus intermedius
  3. vastus lateralis
  4. vastus medialis
151
Q

what 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?

A
  1. biceps femoris
  2. semimembranosus
  3. semitendinosus

anatomy (midterm 2) (3 decks)

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