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CDIS 3475 Speech Science > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between a simple wave and a complex wave?

A

A simple wave is a sine wave
A complex wave is 2 or more sine waves

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2
Q

Simple Wave

A

-one sine wave
-one frequency
-aka pure tone

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3
Q

Complex Wave

A

-adding 2 or more sine wave components together

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4
Q

Waveform synthesis

A

-adding 2 sine waves together thus synthesizing a wave form

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5
Q

What is a fourier analysis?

A

-process when you can break down a complex wave (periodic or aperiodic) into its individual sine wave components

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6
Q

What is a fourier series?

A

-series of sine waves that got added together to produce the complex wave

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7
Q

What is an aperiodic complex wave?

A

-wave that does not have any repetitive pattern

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8
Q

What is a periodic wave?

A

-wave that has a repetitive pattern

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9
Q

T/F all complex waves can be described as a sum of simple sine waves

A

-true

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10
Q

What is a periodic complex wave?

A

-any wave with a regulating repeating pattern that is not a single sine wave

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11
Q

Definition of aperiodic complex waves?

A

-there is no fundamental frequency and there are no harmonics

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12
Q

The frequency components of a complex periodic wave often have a _____ to the lowest frequency component.

A

-harmonic relation

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13
Q

T/F: Frequency components of a complex periodic wave have to have a harmonic relation to the lowest frequency component

A

-false
-they dont HAVE to

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14
Q

What is the fundamental frequency?

A

F0 of a complex periodic wave is the frequency that all the other frequencies are multiples of

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15
Q

T/F: The fundamental frequency is always the lowest frequency component of a complex wave?

A

False, it is usually the lowest frequency component component of a complex. But, your brain can fill in the missing fundamental
Example: 200,500,700,900
F0= 100

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16
Q

What are harmonics?

A

-The integer multiple of the fundamental

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17
Q

T/F: A complex wave does not need to have all the harmonics of the F0, it can be just some.

A

True

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18
Q

What are overtones?

A

-Any harmonic above the fundamental
-First overtone is the second harmonic

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19
Q

What is a partial?

A

-Any of the frequency components of a complex wave

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20
Q

What is the domain and range of a waveform?

A

-domain: time
-range: amplitude

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21
Q

What is the domain and range of a spectrum?

A

-domain: frequency
-range: amplitude

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22
Q

Can a waveform or a spectrum tell you which frequencies are present?

A

Spectrum

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23
Q

What kind of harmonics do saw tooth waves have?

A

-even and odd harmonics

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24
Q

In sawtooth waves, what is the relationship between harmonics and amplitude?

A

-As the harmonics increase, the amplitude decreases
-A=1/H
-6dB per octave

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25
Q

What kind of harmonics do square waves have?

A

odd harmonics

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26
Q

In square waves, what is the relationship between harmonics and amplitude?

A

-As the harmonics increase, the amplitude decreases
-A=1/H
-6dB per every octave

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27
Q

What kind of harmonics do triangle waves have?

A

odd harmonics

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28
Q

In triangle waves, what is the relationship between amplitude and harmonics?

A

-As the harmonics increase, the amplitude decreases
-A=1/H^2
-12dB drop off per every octave

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29
Q

Do successive amplitudes drop off further in square waves or triangle waves?

A

triangle waves

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30
Q

What is a pulse?

A

-aka a click
-a single rectangular shaped waveform
-aperiodic

31
Q

What is the spectrum of a pulse?

A

-continuos spectrum

32
Q

What is a pulse train

A

-periodic series of clicks (pulses)

33
Q

What is the spectrum of a pulse train?

A

-line spectrum

34
Q

Exaplain the myoelastic & aerodynamic elements of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory?

A

-VF move apart because the pressure builds from lungs and trachea until the vocal folds are forced apart
VF recoil because of…
1. aerodynamic element: the bernoulli affect (which is when air is moving quickly between 2 objects, thus the pressure drops in that gap, so the objects are pulled inward to fill that gap)
2. myoelastic element: the elastic characteristics of the muscle pulls the vocal folds back together

35
Q

Why is the myoelastic aerodynamic theory not complete?

A

-Energy is lost in vocal fold vibration (in the form of acoustic energy and friction), so energy has to be pumped back in.
-It needs an asymmetry of an external force and an internal force to pump energy back into the system.

36
Q

What does Titze’s self-oscillation theory account for that the myoelastic theory does not?

A

Titze’s self-oscillation theory accounts for the energy loss that needs to be compensated for with an asymmetric force

37
Q

T/F:
Titze’s self-oscillation theory provides an external asymmetric force and internal asymmetric force.

A

True
external: airflow pressure (one mass model)
internal: vocal fold configuration (3 mass model)

38
Q

What is the asymmetrical external force of Titze’s self oscillation theory?
What is happening during the closing phase and opening phase?

A

airflow pressure (aka vocal tract inertance)
-opening phase pressure & air flow is high
-closing phase pressure & air flow is low

39
Q

Describe the steps of the one mass model of Titze’s theory of self oscillation

A

-as the VFs open, the air flow increases as the VF become wider
-the intraglottal pressure (pressure between VF) becomes high which continues to drives the VF apart
- as the air-mass moves up through the gap between the vocal folds, there isn’t new air coming from under it to fill the gap, thus there is a pressure drop in between the VFs
- this pressure drop sucks the VFs back together again

40
Q

What is the internal asymmetric force of Titze’s self oscillation theory?
What is happening during the closing phase and opening phase?

A

asymmetric tissue movement (ripple movement)
-opening (convergent phase)
-closed (divergent phase)

41
Q

Describe the steps of the three-mass model

A

-internal asymmetric force is due to the VF moving in a rippling manner
-this results in different glottic configurations (shape of VFs) in different parts of the cycle
-as VF opens they form a convergent shape with higher interglottal (between VF) pressure (between VF)
-as VF close they form a divergent shape with lower interglottal (between VF) pressure

42
Q

What are the two configurations explained by the three mass model?

A

-convergent
-divergent

43
Q

In the convergent configuration of the vocal folds, there is _____ inter glottal pressure

A

higher

44
Q

What is the glottal source signal?

A
  • not an acoustic signal coming from the glottis
45
Q

How is glottal source signal similar and different to square wave, sawtooth wave, and triangular wave?

A

-similar to sawtooth wave in the shape
-similar to sawtooth wave in that it has even & odd harmonics
-similar to triangle wave in that it is a -12dB drop per octave
-not similar to square wave

46
Q

In glottal source signal, a lower fundamental frequency makes the harmonic spacing ____ and a higher fundamental frequency makes the harmonic spacing _____

A

-closer
-further

47
Q

Do real human voices have non harmonic partials?

A

Yes

48
Q

Which has a larger open quotient?
Hyperfunctional or hypofuncational?

A

Hypofunctional

49
Q

Which has a longer closed quotient?
Hyperfunctional or hypofuncational?

A

Hyperfunctional

50
Q

What is jitter?

A

-small disturbances in frequency from cycle-to-cycle instead of being uniform

51
Q

What is shimmer?

A

-cycle-to-cycle variants in amplitude

52
Q

T/F
You cannot have jitter and shimmer at the same time?

A

-You can, normal human voices have both at the same time

53
Q

What kind of speech samples can be used to measure jitter and shimmer?

A

sustained vowels

54
Q

What does HNR stand for?

A

harmonics to noise ratio

55
Q

Explain what HNR means

A

The proportion of someones voice that is made of harmonics (in comparison to the random partials)

56
Q

A person with vocal fold nodules, more air escapes during vibration of folds therefore there is more noise
-Does this person have a low or high HNR

A

low

57
Q

there is a high correlation between HNR and what vocal qualities?

A

-hoarseness
-breathiness
-roughness

58
Q

How are HNR and NRH related to eachother?

A

Inversely proportional

59
Q

What does MPT stand for?
What does it mean?

A

-maximum phonation time
-maximum time a person can sustain a vowel from one deep breath at a comfortable pitch and loudness

60
Q

What is phonation threshold pressure? (PTP)

A

-minimal transglottal pressure needed for vocal fold vibration

61
Q

How does PTP vary across pitch change?

A
  • PTP increases as the frequency increases
62
Q

What is a phonetogram?
How is it related to the Voice Range Profile?

A

phonetogram and voice range profile are used interchangeably

63
Q

The voice range profile shows…

A

-range of frequencies someone can produce with their voice and how loud they can make them

64
Q

What clinical conditions can cause hypofunctional voice?

A

-paralysis
-mass lesion
-VF bowing

65
Q

How do hypofunctional voices sound?

A

breathy

66
Q

What clinical complications can cause hyperfunctional voice?

A

-muscle tension dysphonia
-adductor spasmodic dysphonia

67
Q

How do hyperfunctional voices sound?

A

-tight
-rough
-strained

68
Q

-pulse register is also known as…
-what are characteristics of pulse register?

A

-glottal fry
-low frequency and irregular vibrations

69
Q

modal register is also known as

A

chest voice

70
Q

falsetto register is also known as

A

head voice

71
Q

How are the vocal folds configured in a pulse register?

A

-VF are short and thick
-may involve false vocal folds

72
Q

How are vocal folds configured in modal register?

A

-VFs are loose and relaxed

73
Q

How are the vocal folds configured in falsetto register?

A

-lengthened VF
-less vibration in the deep layers and more vibration in the outward layers

74
Q

T/F Falsetto register has less of a dynamic range compared to modal.

A

True

CDIS 3475 Speech Science (4 decks)

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