Midterm 2

Question 1

Name 5 kinds of dreaming activity, and briefly describe each one

Answer 1

• Recurrent dreams: Dreams in which the dream content is always Identical (distinct from repetitive dream themes). Often have negative content and arise during periods of stress.
• Bad dreams and Nightmares : Dreams of highly anxiogenic content. Typically occur in REM sleep
  (especially toward the end of the night). Nightmares awaken the dreamer.
• Night terrors: Brief episodes of panic, sometimes accompanied by mental activity. Occur in
  stage N3 (especially at the beginning of the night)
• Vivid dreams: Classic dreams characterized by vivid imagery and elaborate sequences, and typically involve characters, interactions, and emotions. Occur mainly in REM sleep.
• Lucid dreams: The dreamer is conscious of dreaming but remains asleep (in its purest form, the dreamer controls the scenario). Occur mainly in REM sleep but also in stage N2.

Question 2

According to the Kales study we looked at in class, if someone is woken up out of NREM sleep, what is the likelihood that they’ll remember a vivid dream?

Answer 2

7%

Question 3

Stressful periods are shown to increase bad dreams and nightmares. What’s one possible explanation for this connection?

Answer 3

Continuity theory: negative emotions in dreams are caused by negative emotions lived that day

Question 4

Explain the findings of Antonio Zadra’s research. What conclusions did they make from their data?

Answer 4

• they studied three groups of people: those who were currently having recurring dreams, those who were finished with a recurring dream, those who had never had recurring dreams
• They found that people who used to have recurrent dreams but that didn’t have them any more had the highest level of psychological well-being
• They concluded that this was because they had resolved whatever conflicts had been causing the recurring dreams and were now healthier people

Question 5

What are two things you can do to increase the recall of dreams when you wake up?

Answer 5

• Write down your dreams immediately upon waking up
• Jusrthinking about trying to have more dreams increases the likelyhood of remembering them

Question 6

Explain the difference between the Continuity Theory of dream content and the Compensatory theory of dream content.

Answer 6

Continuity theory states that dreams reflect the waking day experience. Whatever is going on in our lives, that’s what we’ll dream about. It might be pleasant or surface layer or not important: dreams are just reflections of waking life.
Compensatory theory says that dreams are an outlet for emotions and thoughts that can’t be expressed during the day. The idea is that your dreams focus on what you need to deal with, even if you’ve been ignoring it. Dreams can be helpful indicators of areas you need to pay attention to

Question 7

What is the main goal of De Cicco’s dream analysis methods?

Answer 7

To lead to discovery/ to gain insight into your life or your health/ to get a better understanding of yourself

Question 8

Why is the Assyrian King Gilgamesh relevant to the history of dreams?

Answer 8

One of the world’s oldest literary works and dreams feature prominently in it

Question 9

According to Hebrew beliefs, what are four different sources of dreams?

Answer 9

Angels, demons, ghosts, the soul travelling, physical causes (food, heat, humidity)

Question 10

What is the first known dream interpretation guide that had a dedicated section for women’s
dreams?

Answer 10

The Carlsburg Papyrus

Question 11

According to Oppenheim, what are the three types of dreams typically found in ancient Mesopotamian / Egyptian sources, and how does he define each type?

Answer 11

Message dreams – often given to kings: a god showed up and gave a message, and the king woke up. Generally happen after dream incubation in a temple
Mantic dreams – experienced by anyone, these dreams contained signs of the future (omnia) and would be interpreted by the dreamers
Symbolic dreams – complex and confusing dreams with unusual interactions between the dreamer and gods, stars, people, animals, or any object. These dreams were considered dangers, indicating diseases or evil spirits and demons

Question 12

Why did Aristotle reject the notion of dreams as coming from a divine source?

Answer 12

Because animals clearly also dream, and no god would waste their time inspiring an animal

Question 13

Who is St. Jerome and what did he do that affected how dreams were viewed?

Answer 13

Biblical scholar in the 4th century who translated the Greek bible into Latin. In his translation he
mistranslated ‘witchcraft’ as ‘observing dreams’ in 3 of the 10 places it occurs, effectively
making observing dreams a dangerous activity and a sin.

Question 14

What did Yves Delage often do while lucid dreaming?

Answer 14

He liked to argue with rivals or put himself in danger.

Question 15

What did W. Robert believe was the main purpose behind dreaming?

Answer 15

To process the perceptions of the day, making new memories from some and discarding the others

Question 16

True or false : F.W. Hildebrant was very influential in Freud’s theories.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False: Marie de Manaceine found that people who were “dim” (less intelligent) had more vivid
dreams

Answer 17

False

Question 18

True or False: James Sully said that dreams were frequently ‘balderdash’ and did not represent
anything ‘sinister or hidden’

Answer 18

False

Question 19

True or False : Joseph Breuer found that neurotic patients were often cured by opioids.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

According to Freud, what is the difference between manifest and latent dream content? Give an
example.

Answer 20

Manifest content- the content of a dream which one is able to consciously remember possessed no meaning or significance because it was the disguised representation of the true thoughts underlying the dream
Latent content- unconscious wishes and fantasies which have been denied gratification They find an outlet through being expressed in a transformed way and eventually appear in an unrecognizable form in the manifest content

Question 21

What is manifest dream content

Answer 21

the content of a dream which one is able to consciously remember possessed no meaning or significance because it was the disguised representation of the true
thoughts underlying the dream

Question 22

What is latent dream content

Answer 22

unconscious wishes and fantasies which have been denied gratification
They find an outlet through being expressed in a transformed way and eventually appear in an
unrecognizable form in the manifest content

Question 23

What are three things that Freud and Jung disagreed on, around the time that Jung broke away
from Freud’s brand of psychoanalysis?

Answer 23

Jung believed in parapsychology and Freud did not.
Freud believed in the Oedipus/Electra complex and that the libido was inherently sexual energy,
and Jung did not.
They disagreed on how to interpret important dreams of their own

Question 24

What is a Jungian archetype? Name one and explain what it is

Answer 24

Archetypes are models of people, behaviours, or personalities that come from our collective unconscious.
An archetype has to be listed and described for the point, eg ‘The Self is the central archetype
that is ‘who you really are’, the unity of a personality as a whole.’

Question 25

What’s the difference between an objective interpretation and a subjective interpretation of
dream content, according to Jung? Give an explanation, then make up an original example (like
the taxi driver example we looked at in class) to demonstrate your understanding.

Answer 25

Objective interpretation is when the person you dreamed about is reflecting a real person in
your life. Subjective interpretation is when a dream character is portraying a part of the
dreamer’s own personality in the form of an archetype.
For example if I dream about an uncle telling me to toughen up, that could objectively be a
memory of my uncle who was being unsympathetic, or subjectively could be a message from my
animus

Question 26

Who pioneered a type of dream therapy that was the inspiration for Dr. De Cicco’s Projection
Method of dream analysis?

Answer 26

Montague UIllman

Question 27

What did Montague UIllman do?

Answer 27

pioneered a type of dream therapy that was the inspiration for Dr. De Cicco’s Projection
Method of dream analysis

Question 28

What is the Sleep Deprivation Paradigm of sleep and learning research? What is it most
useful for?

Answer 28

After learning has occurred, the subject is prevented from sleeping. The sleep deprivation
may be total, or selective for certain kinds of sleep. This paradigm is useful in identifying
what stage of sleep is necessary for a particular type of learning

Question 29

What is the Sleep Recording Paradigm of sleep and learning research? What is it most useful for?

Answer 29

Learning is followed by the uninterrupted opportunity to sleep. Sleep quantity and quality
before learning and after are compared. This paradigm is useful to identify which stage of
sleep is involved in learning, and to identify possible mechanisms for memory consolidation
during sleep

Question 30

What is the Cueing Paradigm of sleep and learning research? What is it most useful for?

Answer 30

After learning, memory enhancement is attempted, by manipulating cues during acquisition
and during the subsequent sleep episodes or by attempts to enhance a particular stage of
sleep. The cue can be presented to coincide with events such as rapid eye movements or
other sleep phenomena to indicate whether these phenomena are possible memory
consolidation mechanisms.

Question 31

What is the REM sleep window in rats?

Answer 31

The period in a 1-4 hour window where post-training REM increases are observed, and REM
sleep deprivation impairs performance

Question 32

What is a simple procedural memory task? Give an example

Answer 32

Procedural memory is ‘how’ to do something, instead of declarative memory. A simple
procedural memory task would be a basic motor skill we already have, like tapping buttons
when cued or following a moving point with a stylus. Example: pursuit rotor task, finger
tapping task.

Question 33

give an example of a procedural memory task

Answer 33

Pursuit rotor task, finger
tapping task.

Question 34

What is the thalamocortical loop we learned about in class, and how can we observe it
during sleep?

Answer 34

Projections from the thalamus to the neocortex and back to the thalamus form
thalamocortical loops that fire in an oscillatory pattern. The oscillatory activation of these
circuits has been implicated as one of the mechanisms for LTP. When these circuits are
activated during N2 sleep they cause sleep spindles.

Question 35

Explain the model of sleep-dependant emotional memory processing in your own words.

Answer 35

Newly encoded emotional–memories are associated with an affective “blanket” (autonomic
tone “enveloped” around the memory). With multiple iterations of sleep, particularly REM:
the informational core (memory) contained within that affective experience is
strengthened, resulting in improved memory for that event. Meanwhile the affective
“blanket” gradually thins out (“emotional forgetting”). Over time, the stored information of
the original experience is freed of its autonomic “charge” (the factual memory of that
emotional experience is stored without the affective tone).

Question 36

What are some of the common effects of Depression (MDD) on sleep? List at least 4 effects
on sleep’s macroarchitecture (2 pts) and 2 effects on sleep’s microarchitecture (1 pt)

Answer 36

Macroarchitecture: Increased Sleep Onset Latency, Lower Sleep Efficiency, Lower REM latency, Higher amounts of REM sleep, Increased REM density, Increased N1, Lower N3/SWS
Microarchitecture: Increased power in faster frequencies, lower slow wave activity (lower delta power), fewer delta waves

Question 37

What is Macroarchitecture

Answer 37

its the structure of the sleep cycle

Question 38

what is microarchitecture

Answer 38

the structure within every part of the sleep cycle

Question 39

What are the three “Polysomnogram
Indexes” that describe the sleep of people with different mental disorders.

Answer 39

Sleep continuity: A high score on sleep continuity is from increased Sleep Efficiency, Lower Sleep
Onset Latency, and lower number of awakenings.
Sleep depth: a higher sleep depth comes from less N1, more N2, and more N3
REM pressure: a higher REM pressure comes from lower REM latency, increased REM density and
increased REM duration

Question 40

According to Horne, what is the difference between ‘core sleep’ and ‘optional sleep’?

Answer 40

Core sleep is the first 4 or 5 hours, where you get most of your SWS and only a little bit
of REM. It’s essential for survival. Optional sleep is the last 3 or 4 hours which are
mostly N2 and REM, and they vary according to our needs, but we don’t need them to
live.

Question 41

Which of these is NOT a symptom of sleep deprivation? (1 pt)
a. Anxiety
b. Aches and pains
c. Paranoia
d. Blunted emotional responses

Answer 41

Blunted emotional responses

Question 42

name 3 symtpoms of sleep deprivation

Answer 42

Anxiety, Aches and pains, Paranoia

Question 43

When studying the effects of deprivation of a specific stage of sleep it is necessary to
prevent the participants from staying in that stage for long while still allowing them to get
the normal amounts of the other stages. Are there any stages that it is impossible to
completely but selectively, deprive people of?

Answer 43

yes N1 & N2

Question 44

After “pulling an all-nighter” (skipping a night of sleep), what changes are seen in sleep
the following night?

Answer 44

You sleep longer and more deeply as you regain all of the lost SWS and 50% of
the missing REM sleep

Question 45

What causes fatal familial insomnia? (1 pt)

Answer 45

Genetics that cause a prion disease in the thalamus

Question 46

Although acute sleep deprivation is usually easy to recover from, Peter Tripp’s sleep
deprivation experiment is credited with causing lasting harm. Why might it have affected
him so badly?

Answer 46

It’s possible that he was already at risk for an illness like depression or bipolar disorder,
and that the intense sleep deprivation combined with the heavy use of stimulants was
enough to push him into a mental health crisis

Question 47

Describe the effects of illness or an infection on sleep: name at least 4 effects for full
marks.

Answer 47

Increase in sleepiness
N3 increases
delta waves increase
REM decreases during infection

Question 48

According to Borbely’s model, would you say that illness and exercise affect sleep
primarily through process C, process S, or both? Why?

Answer 48

Process S. The circadian timing and rhythm is not affected, so it’s not process C. Rather
it’s an increased need to sleep, especially N3, which is S

Question 49

Why does eating a big meal make us feel sleepy an hour or two later?

Answer 49

The link is thought to be an increase in activity in gut bacteria, which tricks our immune
system to thinking that we’re fighting an illness

Question 50

How does coffee make us feel more alert? Does it really increase performance or just
feel that way?

Answer 50

(1) It blocks adenosine receptors, and free adenosine is a sign to the body that we have
been using energy and should rest / free adenosine makes us sleepy.
(2) Caffeine does enhance performance temporarily

Question 51

What is ‘paradoxical intention’ and how can it help people to fall asleep?

Answer 51

It’s based on the idea that ‘trying’ to fall asleep causes anxiety and prevents sleep. To use
this trick you lie down and relax and close your eyes and then try to stay awake.
As you remain awake you are succeeding, and will therefore relax, then fall asleep naturally