Midterm 2 Flashcards
developmental changes
- changes are based on optimizing principles of motion and stability
- changes can be seen across a variety of motor skills
- changes often produce more force, velocity, or accuracy
- occur according to biomechanics principles
biomechanics
the study of forces acting on and generated within the body and the effects of these forces on the tissues, fluids, or materials used for diagnosis, treatment or research purposes
- motion and stability are two principles within the larger field of biomechanics, known as the physics of movement
force
strength or energy exerted, as an attribute of physical action or movement, measured in newtons
mass
the mass of a body refers to the amount of substance that it is made up of and is measure in weight
velocity
the rate of change of position of an object in a particular direction
acceleration
any time velocity changes, if you are not changing speed, you are not accelerating
inertia
- the idea that an object will continue its current motion (whether moving or stationary) until some force causes its speed or direction to change
- resistance to change in speed or to get moving
- opposing change in direction or speed
momentum
- the product of mass and velocity
- mass in motion
- how much motion something or someone has
we must exert force to
- move objects
- move ourselves
more inertia/momentum
- it is harder to move
- more force application is required
to move an object farther or faster
- increase the force delivered to the object
- increase distance over which force is applied
newton’s first law
- an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion until acted upon by a force
- any object that is moving will continue moving unless an external force is applied to stop it from moving
- this law is about inertia
- once a ball is struck in tennis, its forward trajectory would continue indefinitely if the forces of gravity, friction from the air resistance or striking the ground and the force of the opposing player’s racket did not stop it
newton’s second law
- Force = mass x acceleration
- object’s acceleration is related to force applied and inversely related to mass
- acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time
- mass is how much matter the object contains
- tennis serve: the mass of the ball remains constant, therefore the more force you apply to the constant mass of the ball, the greater the acceleration of that serve will be until it reaches top speed
newton’s third law
- to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
- when you push on something, it pushes back on you
force and time
- to make an object move, increase force application for a given time
- to make an object stop, increase time over which a given force is applied
balance
- a person’s ability to control their equilibrium in reaction to gravity only
- equilibrium is a state of rest of the body either at a stationary or moving position
- equilibrium is a state of no acceleration and can be static or dynamic
stability
- your body’s ability to return to a desired position or trajectory following a disturbance to equilibrium
- if acceleration is occurring, we’re talking about stability
- as our body needs to respond to acceleration and return to a desired position or trajectory
increasing stability
- stability = ability to resist movement
- increase base of support
- lower center of gravity
increasing balance
- balance = ability to maintain equilibrium
- increase stability
- improve strength, coordination, and proprioception
proprioception
ability to sense movement, action and location
stability-mobility trade-off
- new movers adopt stability strategies that maximize stability and balance but hinder quick movement
- with development and improvement in ability to maintain upright posture during movement, movers shift to mobility strategies so they can move faster
what is locomotion?
- the ability to move from one place to another
- often focus on early acquisition of locomotor skills
- locomotion is a lifelong movement activity
- changes occur in walking, running, galloping, and other motor skills as individual, environmental and task constraints change
senior runners
- at the 2018 USA Track ad Field Masters Championships, there were two world records set in the 60m dash
- in the women’s 100+ age group, Julia “Hurricane” Hawkins, at 102, set a new world record with a time of 24.79 seconds
- Orville Rogers set a world record in the mens 100+ 60m race with a time of 19.13 seconds, Rogers held seven world records in the 95-99 bracket
locomotion
- moving from place to place
- moving on one, two, or four limbs: crawling, walking, running, hopping, skipping, galloping, using other modes