Midterm 2 Flashcards
memory processes include, control processes. What is this and what are some stratagies
control process: active processes that can be controlled by the person
- rehearsal
-stratagies to make a stimulus more memorable
-stratagies for attention
two types of sensory memory
iconic store- visual sensory register that holds info for short periods
echoic store- auditory registry
what are icons, related to iconic store
icons- are visual images that represent something
differentiate between whole report and partial report
whole report: participants asked to report as many as could be seen
partial report: participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report
what are two main reasons that short term memory differs from long term memory
STM differs mainly in its capacity and duration
what is short term memory and how is the info stored
stores small amounts of information for a brief durartion
- only 15sec-20sec if not reherased
- the info is stored acoustically rather than visally
what are the three components to short term memory
attention– attend to infor in the sensory state and then move to STM
Rehearsal– rehearses the information to maintain in STM
Retrevial – access memory in LTM and place in STM
what is articulatory supression
method to keep people from rehearsing
– asking people to remeber words and then making them count to 20 before asking them to repeat them
how many digits (digit span) can a person remember and how it relates to capacity in STM
typically 5-8 digits and capacity is the max number of independent units that can be held in STM
– note: this study was only used using digits
what is chunking in memory
chunking- recording a large number of items into a smaller number of meaningful items
ex) 3063075515
vs 306-307-5515
what are the three types of coding in short term memory
coding- the way information is represented
- auditory (sound of persons voice)
- Visual (image of person)
- Semantic (meaning of what the person is saying)
what is proactive interference
previously presented information interferes with new information
retroactive interference
when new information interferes with learning of old information
working memory
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
whats the difference between short term memory and working memory
STM - is a singe component used only for storage
WM- consist of multiple parts- used for storage but also the processing and maniuplation of info during complex congnition
Baddeleys working memory model has 3 components, what are they
- phonological loop
-central executive
-visuospatial sketch pad
phonological loop has two components, what are they
phonological storage -holds info in memory
articulatory rehearsal- used to put infor in memory in the first place
what is the phonological similary effect
letters or words that sound similar are confused
what is the phonological loop used for
- sounding out new and difficult words
-solving word problems
what is the word-length effect relating to phonological loop
and whats one way to reduce this?
-memory for lists of words is better for short words than for longer words as it takes longer for long words
articulatory supression
what two types of responses for the visuospatial sketch pad
- visualizing the letter involved visuospatial sketchpad
-phonological: saying “out o
Central Executive
- control center for working memory
decides what information goes on for further processing and how to process it
what is perseveration in regard to the central executive
its a breakdown in the ability to control attention
seen in people with autism who cant switch they attention
episodic buffer
backup store that communicates with LTM and WM components
- holds info longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad
what does the episodic buffer allow us to do
allows us to solve problems and evaluate previosu experience with knowldge we recently gain
what are the four major methods for studying the brain
- behaviour after brain damange
-single cell recording
-measuring activity in the brain
-recording electrical signals from human brain
what part of the brain is responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information
prefrontal cortex
BUT working memory involves processes beyond the prefrontal cortext, communication between many parts of the brain
greater working memory= ______
greater working memory= greater congnitive processes
what is long term memory
an archive of information about past events and knowledge learned
what does long term memory work closley with
working memory
what are the two types of long term memory
explicit (conscious)
implicit (not conscious)
korsakoffs syndrome
unable to form new long term memories
- result of chronic alcoholism and the destruction of cells in frontal and temporal lobe
3 examples of functioning STM but no new LTM
Clive wearing
H.M
E.P
what is the serial position curve
memory is better for stimuli presented at the beginning= primicy effect
memory is better for stimuli presented at the end= recency effect
curve looks like a U with the start of the list and the end of the list having higher percent recalled
what is the predominant type of coding long term memory and then two other types
predominate type= semantic coding
- remembering the gist of an event, not the exact wording
other
-Auditory= remembering the sound of someones voice
-Visual= remembering someones face
declarative
conscious recollection of events experiences and facts learned
-store and reteive personal info (episodic memeory) and general knowelge (semantic)
episodic memory vs semantic memory
Episodic memory= memory from personal events
- this involves metal time travel and there is NO guarentee of acuracy
Semantic Memory-= facts and knowelge
- there is NO mental time travel and its general knowldge
They both activate different areas in the brain
describe K.C
K.C had damange to his hippocampus
- no episodic memory ( cant relive any memeories from the past)
- but semantic memeory is intact, so he knows general knowledge about the past
describe the italian women
lost semantic memory, so she can not remember meaning of words
- she retained eposodic memoery so she can recall events from her past
Semantics can be enhanced if associated with episodic , give an example
Autobiographical memeory
memories for specific experiences from our life have both semantic and episodic components
Personal semantic memeories= facts associated with personal experiences
three types of long term memory
episodic, semantic, and autobiographical
intacct semantic and episodic memory may be required to think about _______
personal future
contructuve episodic simulation hypothesis
episodic memories extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events
what is implicit memeory and whwen does it occure
memeory that unconsciously influences behaviour
- occurs when some previous experiences influences out performance on a task
“nonknowing”
what are the three types of implicit memeory
priming
procedural memeory
classical conditioning
what is priming
presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again
- positive priming= causes an increase in speed or accuracy
what are the two types of positive priming
repetition priming- when the test stimulus is the same or resemebles the priming stimulus
conceptual priming- occurs when the enhancement caused by the priming stimulus is based on the meaning of the stimulus
korsakoff syndrome
memeory disorder which is due to lack of vitamine B1, often associated with alcoholism
- when tested on memory, the persons performance imporves even though the person does not remember the training
propaganda effect
more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true
what is the pocedural memeory of implicit memory
memeory for actions (think muscle memory)
no memory for where or when learned
- preformes procedures without being consciously aware of HOW to do them
ex) mirror tasks
conclusion= people who can not form NEW LTM can still learn new skills
classical conditioning and how it relates to implicit memory
pairing a neurtral stimulus with a reflexive response
- a conditioning stimulus that does result in a response
ex) the lady who got shocked when shaking hands and didnt remember doing it, but then after a couple times she didnt want to shake hands, but didnt know why she didnt want to
Melton, three stage framework
encoding - processes of information acquisitin
Storage- successful formation of a memory trace (more of a holding space than a process)
Retreival- accessing information in memeory
they are all connection
no encoding= no stroage= no retreival
what are some factors that affect encoding
Attention– critical, not attending= not encoding
repetition (practice)= the more you encounter some piece of information the easier it will be to remember
what are the two types of repetition
massed repetition- repeted repetion close in time
ex) studying for an exam the night before
distributed repetion- repeated presentations spead out in time
ex) studying throughout the semester
“the spacing effect”, and two reasons why this is true
refers to the benefit of distributed repetition over massed repetition
defiecient processing view
- locus is at encoding
-with massed rep you dont pay much attention after the first presentation and thus only one encoded representation rather than many
encoding variability view
-locus is at retreivial
-with massed rep there is no variability in how repeated events are encoded
what is the illusion of learnning
familiarity does NOT = knowledge
differentiate between rehearsal and repetition
repetition refers to repeated experiences with a stimulus
rehersal refers to how stimuli are thought about internally
what are the two types of rehersal
maintenance rehearsal (cramming)
-repeating the information before and up to use
- maintains information but does not transer to LTM
elaborative rehearsal (thinking about meaning)
- thinking about the meaning of an item or making connections between the item
- transfers information to LTM
incidental vs intentional learning conditions
incidental = learning something without knowing you will be tested on it
intentional = they are told there will be a test
differentiate between maintenece and elaborative rehearsal
Eleborative
-active learning
-involves meaning
-linking to other info in LTM
- transfer to LTM
Maintenance
-passive learning
-no meaning
-no linking to LTM
-usually stays in STM
how does how “deep” the info is processed affect memory?
the deeper the information is processed the greater likelihood it will be remembered
forming _____ improves encoding, and what does this support
forming visual images
Duel code theory= encoding occurs in 2 different systems (visual and phonological)
what is the generation affect
generating information rather than passivly receiving it enhances learning and attention
note: tie the infor to yourself or someone you know will make it personal and you will remember it better
what is retrieval
process of tranferring information from LTM back into working memeory (consciousness)
testing effect
enhanced performance due to testing (learning that is retained over longer period of time) and retreval practice
-creating your own test questions
-generating own study guide
what are four different types of retreival cues
objects related to information
- drive by the grocery store
environment related to info
-grandmas house
word related to info
-apple, then grape
emotion related to memeory
-smell of choc chip cookies
two types of recall procedures
free recall- participants asked to recall stimuli previously presented
cued recall- cue presented to aid in recall
**note: retreival cues are most effective when created by the person who uses them
encoding specificity principle, and the outshining hypothesis
we encode information along with its context
ex) studying and being tested in the same environment can positivly affect recall
However, the outshinning hypothesis states that knowldge trumps encoding specity so the environemnt only matters if you dont know the info
state dependent learning
learning is associated with a particular internal state
ex) listening to sad music and then writing test in sad environment = better test scores
transfer appropriate processing
two conditions
two tests types
focus is on what is required at retrieval
two conditions=
deep processing (semantic) ex) word fits into the sentence
medium processing (phonological) ex) do these words rhyme
** Both conditions create durable memory traces, but contain different info
two test types
standard recognition
ex) was this word previously encountered
rhyme recognition
ex) recognize words that rhymed with words encoded earlier
regarding transfer appropriate processing, Both conditions create durable memory traces, but contain different info— explain
there is two condition types
deep processing (semantic) and medium processing (phonological)
semantically encoded words should be remembers better on the standard test
phonological encoded words should be better remembered on the rhyme recognition test
consolidation
new memories are FRAGILE and can be disruped
thus, Consolidation= the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state in which they can be disrupted to a more permanent state in which they are resistant to distruption
differentiate between retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
retrograde- loss of memory for envents prior to the trauma
**graded amnesia= memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events, thus memeories from further back come back easier than closer memories because they were fragile
Anterograde- cannot form new memories
relationship between sleep and consolidation
- reduces environmental interference
- enhances consolidation
couple reasons why studying for a test the night before doesnt work
informormation wont be moved into LTM
-no consolidation
-maintence rehersal
-only encoded once
-no sleep= poor attention and increase anxiety levels
what is reconsolidation
process that occurs when a memory is reactivated. similar to consolidation but more rapid
reactivation makes memory fragile and vunerable to distruption, which can then be reconsolidated
reactivation and reconsolidation in PTSD patients
reactivating followed by reconsolidation alleviates anxiety and physical symtoms associated with flashbacks
- doesnt remove the memory, but helps remove the physical response which can then allow the patient to talk about it without the physcial tramma
