Midterm 2 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Historically, what was thought of abnormal behaviours?
A
It was a result of supernatural forces.
2
Q
How was abnormal behaviour “medically” treated historically?
A
“Trephination” - a hole drilled into the skull.
3
Q
Psychopathology:
A
Psychological disorder.
4
Q
What are the social constructs to abnormal behaviour?
A
Distressing - of oneself or others which is intense and long lasting.
Dysfunctional - to oneself or society, dictated socially.
Deviant - Against the norms
5
Q
The Vulnerability-Stress Model/Diathesis-Stress Model:
A
Psych disorders are triggered by vulnerability and stressors. Everyone has vulnerability to a disorder given sufficient stress. Vulnerability is a result of biological and personality factors. Stressors include low SES, environmental trauma and loss.
6
Q
The DSM-5
A
A categorical system which details behaviours that must be present for a diagnosis of a specific mental disorder.
7
Q
Comorbidity:
A
An overlap in psych disorders. More likely given a high p-factor.
8
Q
P-factor:
A
A measure of psychopathology in all types of disorders associated with more life impairment. This factor is relatively stable throughout life.
9
Q
Internalizing disorders:
A
Distress, fear, depression and anxiety.
10
Q
Externalities disorders:
A
Impulsivity, alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder.
11
Q
What are the four components of anxiety responses?
A
Emotional, cognitive, physiological, and behavioural symptoms.
Emotional - Feelings of tension and apprehension
Cognitive - Worry and thoughts about an inability to cope
Physiological - Increased heart rate, muscle tensions, and other autonomic arousal symptoms
Behavioural - Avoidance of feared situations, decreased task performance, increased startle response.
12
Q
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
A
A state of diffuse, free-floating anxiety not ties to specific situations.
13
Q
Phobic Disorders:
A
Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations that rarely go away on their own which lead to a degree of impairment.
14
Q
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:
A
Cognitive - Obsessions
Behavioural - Compulsions
Pure obsession
15
Q
OCD in animals:
A
Common in captive animals, stereotyped as a behaviour due to boredom or stress.
16
Q
Factors in increased Anxiety Disorders:
A
Genetics, GABA & Amygdala & Serotonin levels, female sex, neurotic anxiety, maladaptive thoughts & beliefs.
17
Q
Anorexia Nervosa:
A
An intense fear of being fat which leads to severe restrictions on food intake. Common in industrialized culture and emphasis of viewing one’s body as an object.
18
Q
Bulimia Nervosa:
A
Binge and purge eating.
19
Q
What factors increase anorexia?
A
High achievement standards and genetics.
20
Q
What factors increase bulimia?
A
Depression, anxiety and genetics.
21
Q
Eating disorders in animals:
A
Higher in captive animals. Underrating, overeating, and pica.
22
Q
Depression symptoms:
A
Emotional - Sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, and an inability to enjoy.
Cognitive - Negative cognitions of self, world, and future.
Motivational - Loss of interest, drive, and difficulty starting anything.
Somatic - Loss of appetite, energy, sleepy, and weight loss/gain.
23
Q
Depression in animals:
A
Anhedonia - Loss of interest in pleasurable activities.
24
Q
Bipolar Disorder:
A
A manic state consisting of euphoric mood, hyperactivity, no sleep, and rapid speech.
Bipolar I disorder - Extreme manic, then sometimes depressive episodes.
Bipolar II disorder - Elevated moods and depressive episodes.
25
What factors increase depression vulnerability?
Genetics, under-activity of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
26
What factors increase bipolar disorder vulnerability?
Genetics, the depressive cognitive triad (negative thoughts concerning the world, oneself, and the future), an inability to suppress negative thoughts, poor parenting, stressful experiences, no coping skills, and negative self-concept.
27
Hypochondriasis:
Anxiety of being ill.
28
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder:
Anesthesia in the hand wholly and only.
29
Schizophrenia:
Symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behaviour, lack of apathy, emotion and movement.
Type I - Positive symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech
Type II - Negative symptoms, lack of emotion, expression
30
What factors increase schizophrenia vulnerability?
Genetics, neurodegenerative hypothesis (atrophy and destruction of the brain), dopamine hypothesis (overactivity of the dopamine system which regulates emotion, motivation and cognitive functioning), stressful life events, family dynamics, highly expressive emotional environment, social causation hypothesis (higher stress among the low income population), social drift hypothesis (as functioning deteriorates, there is a drift down the socio-economic ladder.
31
Schizophrenia in Animals:
Biologically absent but can be modelled in mice, rats and primates.
32
Dissociative Amnesia:
Selective memory loss following trauma.
33
Dissociative Fugue:
Loss of all personal identity.
34
Dissociative identity disorder:
2 or more separate personalities where each identity is unique. Stems from severe trauma in early childhood.
35
Antisocial Personality Disorder:
Lack of conscience, anxiety, and guilt, high manipulation.
36
What factors increase antisocial personality disorder vulnerability?
Genetics, dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex, lack of a superego, no repercussions, exposure to deviant peers.
37
Borderline Personality Disorder:
Instability in behaviour, emotion and identity. Emotional dysregulation, intense and unstable relationships, impulsion.
38
What factors increase borderline personality disorder vulnerability?
Chaotic personal history, abusive, rejecting and non-affirming caregivers.
39
Psychodynamic Therapy:
Goal: Achieve insight (conscious awareness of underlying problems)
Word association, dream interpretation.
40
Pros and Cons to psychoanalysis therapy:
Cons:
- Patient resistance
- Patient transference (projection of emotions onto the therapist)
- Time consuming
- Expensive
Pros:
- Briefer
- Works to actively change the future
41
Cognitive Therapies:
Goal: Discover and change cognitions by reinventing irrational and self-defeating patterns.
42
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy:
Points out errors of thinking and reprograms these thought programs. Used in cognitive therapy.
43
Rational Emotive Therapy:
A - Activating Event (identify the causation)
B - Belief System (what are the beliefs from the causation)
C - Consequences (consequences of the beliefs)
D - Disputing maladaptive emotions and behaviours (change the beliefs)
44
Operant conditioning:
Reward desirable behaviours and punish or ignore undesirable behaviours.
45
Exposure:
Treat phobias through exposure to feared stimulus in the absence of the threat.
46
Flooding:
Exposure to real-life stimuli.
47
Implosion:
Imagine scenes involving stimuli to treat a phobia.
48
Systematic Desensitization:
Eliminate anxiety of a phobia through counter conditioning, relaxation, and progressive association.
49
In-Vivo desensitization:
Controlled exposure to ‘real life’ situations.
50
Social Skills Training:
Modelling approach of learning new skills by observing and imitating a model.
51
“Third-wave” Cognitive-behavioural Therapies:
Concepts of mindfulness. Humanistic and eastern methods.
52
Acceptance and commitment therapy:
- Mindfulness as a vehicle of change
- Don’t exert control over thoughts and feelings
53
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy:
A treatment program for individuals with borderline personality disorder. DBT teaches people to accept their thoughts, feelings and behaviours, and the techniques to change them. DBT uses elements from multiple therapies.
54
Client-Centred Therapy:
Goal: Conscious control of behaviour and personal responsibility.
- Genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard by the therapist
55
Animal-Assisted Therapy:
Physiological and mental health improvements.
56
Psychopharmacology:
The study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions and behaviour.
57
Psychotropics:
Drugs that affect mental processes.
58
Antidepressant Drugs:
Tricyclics - Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors - Milder side effects than other antidepressants block re-uptake of serotonin.
Antipsychotic drugs - Decrease dopamine action, reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Can lead to tardive dyskinesia (severe movement disorder)
59
Electroconvulsive Therapy:
Treats schizophrenia, epilepsy and severe depression. Patient is given a sedative and muscle relaxant. Rewires the brain.
60
Psychosurgery:
Removal of parts of the brain - Least used procedure
Lobotomy - Destroy nerve tracts to the frontal lobes
Cingulotomy - Cut frontal lobes and limbic system
61
In Groups:
Groups that people belong into.
62
Out groups:
Groups that people do not belong to.
63
Prejudice:
Out-group homogeneity bias which groups people not a-like to the in-group, as all alike to each other as an out-group. There is in-group favouritism and out-group derogation.
64
Realistic Conflict Theory:
Competition for limited resources fosters prejudice.
65
Social Identity Theory:
Prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem.
66
Stereotype:
Schema that makes processing easy, based on membership to certain groups. Proven through things like the implicit bias test, and the shooter bias effect. Stereotypes can create self-consciousness and changes in behaviour. Education and self-affirmation helps to eliminate stereotyping.
67
Subtyping:
When a person does not fit into a stereotype.
68
Attributions:
Judgements about causes of our (or other people’s) behaviour and outcomes. There is personal attribution and situational attribution.
69
Personal Attribution:
Behaviour is caused by characteristics.
70
Situational attribution:
Situations cause a behaviour.
71
Fundamental Attribution Error:
When individuals underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal factors. Ex. If you see someone speeding, you often assume they are just a bad person, and not that they may be rushing to a medical emergency or other unmanageable circumstances.
72
How does attribution differ between individualistic and collectivist cultures?
Individualist cultures - More personal attributions
Collectivist cultures - Consider situational attributions more.
73
Nonverbal behaviour:
Facial expressions, gestures, and movements which show slices of an individuals subconscious behaviour.
74
What are the four psychological reasons for affiliation?
Positive stimulation, emotional support, attention, and social comparison.
75
Why do people have social relations?
Humans have a high need for affiliation, sense of community, and fear of being an outsider.
76
How do humans spark initial attraction?
Physical proximity, exposure, personable characteristics, and similarity.
77
Physical Attraction in Humans:
Symmetry, dominance, stereotypical, positive characteristics, the matching effect.
78
What are the three types of love?
Passionate love - intense, sexual. Romance and sexual attraction
Companionate love - caring, commitment, support, a decision to stay together
Intimacy - value and closeness
79
Social loafing:
Expending less individual effort when working in a group. Occurs because of the collective effort model.
Collective Effort Model - individual performance is not being monitered, goal has little value, group is deemed unimportant, task is simple and effort feels redundant.
80
Group Polarization:
When the average opinion of a group becomes extreme. Caused by normative social influence and informational social influence.
81
Groupthink:
When a group ignores critical thinking to seek an agreement. Caused by high stress to come to a decision, insulation from outside input, a directive leader who promotes their personal agenda, and high group cohesion.
ie. A decision to put millions of Jews in concentration camps because “Hitler said so”.
82
Conformity and Obedience:
Behaviour, attitude and belief adjustments to conform to a group standard. Caused by informational social influence and normative social influence.
83
Factors that affect conformity:
Group size, presence of a dissenter, type of culture (collectivist vs individualist), minority influence.
84
Factors that affect obedience:
Remoteness of the victim, closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure. Think of the milligram study (shock the actor experiment).
85
Compliance:
Tendency to agree to do things that people ask of you.
86
Norm of Reciprocity:
The expectation that when others treat us well, we should respond in kind.
87
Compliance techniques:
Door-in-the-face-technique - Making a large request and then changing it to a smaller request if denied.
Foot-in-the-door-technique - Persuader obtains a small request, and then later presents a larger request.
88
Attitudes:
Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus. People are aware of other’s attitudes and especially if they are strongly held. Attitudes help predict general behaviour.
89
Cognitive Dissonance Theory:
Strive for consistency in cognitions. Two inconsistent cognitions are known as cognitive dissonance.
90
Counter attitudinal behaviour:
Inconsistency with someone’s attitude. Produces dissonance if freely chosen.
Ie. someone is bored of their wardrobe and wants new clothes but wont make a change because they don’t want to spend any money.
91
Persuasion:
Active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behaviour through the transmission of a message. Persuasion efforts are more successful if there is a well-fit communicator, message, and audience.
92
Communicator Credibility:
Similarity, celebrity status, expertise, and trustworthiness.
93
What makes a good message in persuasion?
Emotional, exposure to a large group, and one sided vs two sided messages.
94
Elaboration Likelihood Model:
Central route to persuasion - Thinking carefully about a message and finding its arguments compelling.
Peripheral route to persuasion - Influenced by other factors rather than the message ie. your favourite celebrity is the communicator
95
Social Influence:
When the mere presence of others enhances or hinders performance depending on the task.
96
Eusocial:
Living in groups, cooperative care, multiple generations, a division of labour. Ie. naked mole rats.
97
Aggression:
Behaviour that involves intention to harm another. It can be learned. Increases due to crowding or increased heat. Aggression is an outlet for self-justification, attribution of intentionality, and a lack of empathy. Aggression is a result of high testosterone, serotonin, and the MAOA gene.
98
Frustration-aggression hypothesis:
Frustration leads to aggression and aggression is a result of frustration. NOT the other way around.
99
Prosocial behaviour:
The subconscious compliance of helping one another. There are cultural influences and social learning which heightens prosocial behaviour (ie. collectivist societies show more prosocial behaviour). The norm of reciprocity and norm of social responsibility also increases prosocial behaviour. Individuals are more likely to show prosocial behaviour if they find a person who is similar to them, share the same gender, or are a victim.
100
Just-world hypothesis:
The idea that people will get what they deserve. Ie. karma
101
Personality:
Enduring ways of thinking, felling and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations.
These are attributed to personality:
- Components of identity
- Perceived internal cause
- Perceived organization and structure
102
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:
Personality is an unconscious part of the mind which holds a powerful influence on behaviour. Personality is made up of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious parts.
103
The Structure of Personality:
Conscious: Immediate awareness of current environment
Preconscious: Available to awareness if needed/sparked ie. names of friends, home address
Unconscious: Unavailable to awareness ie. infantile memories, repressed wishes and conflicts/trauma
Ego and superego are conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. ID is solely unconscious.
104
Common defense mechanisms to conflict and anxiety:
Displacement - projection of emotions onto someone or something else
Repression - ignoring emotions leading to overwhelming feelings boiling over
Sublimation - outletting emotions physically ie. punching a wall, going on a run
Regression - mental breakdowns, panic attacks, crying.
105
What was Freud’s Legacy?
Neoanalytic approaches, Adler (motivated by social interest)
106
Psychosexual Development:
Later discredited
0-2: Weaning
2-3: Toilet training
4-6: Resolving the oedipus complex
7-puberty: Developing social relationships
Puberty on: Mature social and sexual relationships
107
George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory:
Cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives.
108
Carl Rogers Self Theory:
Rogers believed that our personality is driven by our desire for self-actualization. This is the condition that emerges when we reach our full potential and our self-concept, self-worth, and ideal self all overlap.
109
Anxiety:
Occurs when experience does not match self-concept. Healthy individuals modify self-concept to eliminate.
110
Self-esteem:
How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
High self-esteem - fewer interpersonal problems and higher achievement.
Poor self-esteem - anxiety, depression, poor achievement and relationships
111
Positive self-regard:
Experience of being understood and valued gives us freedom to grow. Lack of positive regard creates conditions of worth.
112
Self-verification:
Motivation to confirm a self-concept and seek out self-confirming relationships.
113
Self-enhancement:
A tendency to preserve positive self-image
114
Gordon Allport:
A trait theorist who categorized introversion and extraversion.
115
Hans Eysenck’s Extraversion Stability Model:
Suggests a prediction of criminal activity made of three dimensions:
Extraversion/introversion
Neuroticism (instability)/stability - Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal
Psychoticism/socialized (self-control) - Novelty seeking and impulsivity. Dopamine and serotonin
116
The Five Factor Model:
Makeup personality:
O - Openness
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticism
117
The stability of personality traits:
Stable patterns: Optimism-pessimism
Unstable patterns: Behaviour
118
Evaluating Trait Approach:
Can be inconsistent/difficult because of the “social chameilion” concept. Traits interact with traits, importance of traits influences consistency, variation in self-monitoring.
Pros: Focused on identifying and measuring personality dispositions
Cons: Cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms
119
Julian Rotter:
Believed behaviour was governed by two factors:
Expectancy - Likelihood of consequences given behaviour
Reinforcement - How much a consequence is dreaded or desired.
120
Locus of Control:
The expectancy concerning personal control in our lives.
Internal - Events under personal control, self determined, becoming involved in information seeking.
External - Luck, chance, powerful others.
121
Albert Bandura:
Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn. There is intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.
122
Self-Efficacy:
A person’s beliefs concerning their ability to perform behaviours needed to achieve outcomes.
123
What influences self-efficacy?
Performance experiences, observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal.
124
Interviews to assess personality:
Structured set of questions that note behaviours, appearance, and speech patterns.
Drawbacks: Characteristics of the interviewer, co-operation, and honesty.
125
MMPI Profile:
Reflects psychological disturbances.
126
Projective tests:
Interpretations of abstract art ie. inkblot test, thematic apperception test
127
Thematic Apperception Test:
Ambiguous illustrations/photos are presented and the subject is asked to tell the story behind them.
128
Psychodynamic =
Projective tests
129
Humanistic =
Self-report measures.
130
Social-cognitive:
Behavioural assessments.
131
Biological =
Physiological measurements.
132
Trait theorists =
Inventories ie. MMPI and NEO-PI
