Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Public Policy > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a Randomized Control Trial (RCT)?

A

To establish causality in a controlled setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dynarski reported that students without laptops in the classes received lower test scores that their peers

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Wilenskys Law: “the more evaluation, the less program development

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which one of these is not an example of an experiment?

1.Randomized control trials
2.Observation
3.Natural Quasi
4.Laboratory

A

Observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What Happens in a Natural Quasi-Experiments?

A

Exploit “near random” exposure to treatment and compare outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Judge policies for efficiency: Are benefits> costs?

A

Cost-Benefit Analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Present $$ is more valuable than “Future $$”

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A randomized control trials is the best method to establish causality of a policy treatment because…

A

The difference between the treatment and control can be monitored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

“Experts are often wrong, and the good ones among them are the first to admit it”

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

According to Nichols, there is concern about American ignorance regarding public policy because of…

  1. Acts of rejecting expert advice
    2.”Dunning-Kruger effect”
    Death of expertise
    Conformation bias
A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Scientists are empirical and maintain objectivity

A

False

They try to but are humans so they could fail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Conformation bias

A

Tendency to look for information affirming what you already believe in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

According to Wilensky, it’s better to ask small questions and move policies within 5 year time span

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did Auguste Comete believe

A

Positivism human thought evolves from religious metaphysical to scientific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which is not a premise of science

A

Connectivity: make sure everything is interconnected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

According to Nichols, objectivity is accomplished by intersubjectivity, expert community policing one another?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cycle of how science works

A

Theory–> Hypothesis–>data–>empirical patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the following is a reason why science sometimes doesn’t work

1.Scientist fail to be emperical
2.Scientist fail to maintain objectivity
3.Policy makers dont care

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

According to Wilensky, which is his best claim about social sciences

A

In the U.S. social science contributes less to policy making than in Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Theory is a guess of a specific and testable implication

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

According to Wilensky the U.S. is fragmented and decentralized

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which is not an example of being emperical

  1. observing how many people get in the bus
  2. Researcher claiming that people are bad w/out having observations/evidence
    3.observing how many people put their grocery cart away
    4.observing how many people clean their air
A

2.Researchers claiming that people are bad without having observation/evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do scientist have control in their study

A

have only primary evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Does discounting favor the present generation over the future generation

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

According to Reid, which of the following is a measurement of tax?

A

Tax capacity

Tax collection

Tax Effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Does The Lamppost Effect benefit the Office of Management, Budget, & Congressional Budget Office?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The U.S. Tax Revenue has increased over the years since 1995.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which of the following do Taxes not do?

A

Enhance the Illegitimacy of Government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Most Tax Deductions favor the Wealthy.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which of the following is not a dimension of taxes?

A

Tax Expenditures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which country has the highest income inequality among rich democracies?

A

USA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Moral Hazard is considered a form of government failure.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

According to Nichols, Informed arguments are a sign of intellectual health in a democracy.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Tax Burden

A

Overall tax revenues as a percentage of GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Tax Capacity

A

Potential revenue a government could collect if it taxed all income and wealth at average rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tax Effort

A

Actual revenue a country collects through taxes relative to its potential capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Tax Collection

A

Amount of tax paid under a nation’s law that is actually collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Top Rate

A

Maximum tax rate imposed on the highest level of income

39
Q

Capital Gains Tax

A

Tax on profits made from trading stocks, bonds, real estate, or commodities

40
Q

Sales Tax

A

Retail tax imposed on most purchases, varies by state and city

41
Q

Something-for-nothing theory

A

Theory that tax cuts lead to economic growth

42
Q

Arthur Laffer

A

Economist who proposed the something-for-nothing theory

43
Q

Adam Smith

A

Economic conservative who supported progressive taxation

44
Q

Who is August Comete

A

one of the founders of sociology

45
Q

What does Nicolas state in regards to obtaining information?

A

Actual research is boring and often boring

46
Q

Science is what?

A

Objective

47
Q

What does science involve?

A

Control to avoid distortions

48
Q

What is the product of science is Knowledge?

A

Description (why?)
Explanation (why?)
Prediction (future; New settings?)

49
Q

Good science is _______

A

Humble

50
Q

Is science certain?

A

No it is uncertain

51
Q

One should always be skeptical according to Nichols

A

True

52
Q

Can a hypothesis be falsifiable?

A

Yes

53
Q

Why does science sometimes not work?

A

fail to be emperical
fail to maintain objectivity
Not updating as time goes by

54
Q

According to Wilensky what did policy makers not care about?

A

Job-training and healthcare research

55
Q

Wilensky Law

A

More evaluations, the less program development; the more demonstration projects, the less follow through

56
Q

What is the Independent?

A

X
Predictor, treatment, “cause”

57
Q

What is the dependent?

A

Y
Outcome, response, “effect”

58
Q

What is reverse

A

Y might cause C

59
Q

What is spurious

A

Also known as the 3rd variable problem

where X is related to some other variable Z and Z causes both X and Y

60
Q

In the Dynarski laptop band experiment

who was the controlled group?

A

Those who where not allowed laptops

61
Q

What are Labatory Experiments?

A

Stimulating real world processes

62
Q

What are Randomized controlled trials?

A

Real world settings with real treatments and real outcomes

63
Q

What are Natural Quasi Experiments?

A

Exploit “near random” exposure to treatment and compare outcomes

64
Q

What are policies based on?

A

Hunches or good intentions (not evidence)

65
Q

What are the 4 steps to Judge Policies for efficiency?

A
  1. How much will the policy cost?
  2. Identify Benefits and Estimates $ value of benefits
    3.Apply Discount rate
  3. Compare cost vs. Benefits
66
Q

How do you compare cost vs. benefit?

A

Net Benefit= Benefit - cost

Ratio of Benefit/cost= How much benefit per $

67
Q

Quantification cause us to be what?

A

Uneffective Crass Utilitarians

68
Q

What is an Uneffective crass Utilitarian?

A

Only focuses on materials such as money

69
Q

Who is supposed to be the Engine?

A

Senators and congress people

70
Q

Who is supposed to be the camera?

A

CBO

71
Q

Is the U.S. one of the few countries with no VAT?

A

True

72
Q

Does the U.S have less tax burden on people?

A

True

73
Q

Does the U.S. have lower Tax revenue?

A

True

74
Q

What are the Dimensions of taxes?

A
  1. Capacity
  2. Adequacy
  3. Progressivity
  4. Borad basing
  5. Others- simpicity, convinience, predictability
75
Q

Revenue < spending since 1973

A

True

76
Q

Are U.S. taxes Progressive?

A

True

77
Q

Progressive

A

Property/wealth taxes

Income taxes

capital gain taxes

Inheritance Taxes

78
Q

Less progressive

A

Sales Tax

Value Added tax

Payroll taxes

Most deduction taxe s

79
Q

Who does Tax deduction favor?

A

The wealthy

80
Q

What does progressive system mean?

A

Where the rich pay more

81
Q

If you have low wage you dont have to pay FICA?

A

False

82
Q

What is income?

A

comprehensive measure of a households economic resources

83
Q

What is poverty?

A

shortage of recources vs needs

84
Q

Does the U.S have the highest income inequality among rich democracies?

A

True

85
Q

What causes high U.S. poverty and inequality?

A

Weak U.S. Social policies

86
Q

What is Moral hazard

A

A government failure

87
Q

What do social policies actually do?

A
  1. Redistribution between rich and poor
  2. Insure against Risks
  3. invest in well-being (education and health)
  4. Creates opportunities
  5. Shapes norms and values
88
Q

Did expanded CTC reduce poverty?

A

Yes by 50% reduction in child poverty

89
Q

What does the U.S. Need in regards to health

A

Low morality High expectancy

90
Q

The Bismark Model

A

Named by German chancellor
created to quiet down democracy
financed through insurance fees

91
Q

The beverage Model

A

Named after British policy makers
Government is main single payer
free access to health care

92
Q

What is the U.S. Healthcare system model close to?

A

Bismark Model

93
Q

How many Americans do not have Insurance?

A

10%

Public Policy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions