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geology 107 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bony fish

A

Osteichthyes

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2
Q

sharks and rays

A

Chondrichthyes

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3
Q

Devonian period

A

The Age of the Fishes

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4
Q

chordate subphyla on the way to fish

A

Urochordata (tunicates/ascidians)

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5
Q

chordate subphyla on the way to fish

A

Cephalochordata
(“amphioxus”)

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6
Q

from middle Cambrian Burgess Shale is strikingly similar to living amphioxus and is
regarded as one of the oldest fossil chordates

A

Pikaia

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7
Q

jawless fish

A

Agnatha

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8
Q

clade of chordate animals with a skull of hard bone or cartilage

A

craniates

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9
Q

Lagerstätten in China

A

Chengjiang

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10
Q

suggested by flattened shape and heavy external armour

A

slow, bottom-grubbing fish

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11
Q

Jawed Fish

A

Gnathostomes

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12
Q

first jawed fish

A

Acanthodians

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13
Q

heavily armoured fish

A

Placoderms

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14
Q

Sarcopterygians, type of jawed bony fish that was very important in the Devonian

A

lobefins

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15
Q

most commonly called tetrapodomorphs, an extinct group
that evolved into tetrapods

A

rhipidistians

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16
Q

preserved complex of mountains, lowlands with lakes and rivers, and shallow seas produced by collision of North America and Europe in the Devonian

A

Old Red Sandstone

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17
Q

preadaptation of sarcopterygians; originally evolved as an adaptation to avoid suffocating when they estivated in drying out riverbeds; useful in air breathing during transition to land

A

lungs

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18
Q

preadaptation of sarcopterygians; originally meant for increased maneuverability in the water; move independently of one another which helped in moving on land - became limbs

A

lobe fins

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19
Q

molecular phylogeny shows land plants were probably derived from

A

green algae

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20
Q

terrestrial plant life is dominated by
= bryophytes + vascular plants

A

embryophytes

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21
Q

polyphyletic group comprising liverworts, hornworts and mosses; have thin-walled, water-conducting cells but lack xylem

A

bryophytes

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22
Q

show more advanced features, permit growth upwards and maintain their photosynthetic
platform (=leaves) well above the ground

A

vascular plants

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23
Q

oldest evidence for terrestrial plant life (from Ordovician)

A

cryptospores

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24
Q

oldest vascular plant from the Middle Silurian

A

Cooksonia

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25
Q

earliest true vascular plants

A

Rhyniophytes

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26
Q

second stage in plant evolution (more xylem, attempts at leaves)

A

Trimerophytes

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27
Q

Devonian small ground cover, shrubs, and small trees

A

Lycopods

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28
Q

contain secondary xylem

A

Progymnosperms

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29
Q

oldest known true forest

A

Gilboa, Catskills NY state

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30
Q

spore-bearing with feathery leaves

A

Ferns

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31
Q

ranged from low ground-cover to trees 10m high

A

Horsetails

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32
Q

first gymnosperms

A

Seed Ferns

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33
Q

plants bearing a naked seed, i.e. not encased in ovaries

A

gymnosperms

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34
Q

seed fern from Gondwana

A

Glossopteris

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35
Q

basal tetrapods

A

Ichthyostega and Acanthostega

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36
Q

show a superb mixture of fish and tetrapod
features

A

Tiktaalik

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37
Q

earliest tetrapods; primitive amphibians with rough leathery skin

A

Temnnospondyls

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38
Q

Carboniferous apex predator; amphibian

A

Watcheeria

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39
Q

reptiles, mammals and birds grouped together; a clade of tetrapod vertebrates
that lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother

A

amniotes

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40
Q

development of this permitted true colonization of the land

A

cleidoic egg

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41
Q

location of earliest true reptiles Hylonomus from Carboniferous

A

Joggins, Nova Scotia

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42
Q

no fenestrae (earliest reptiles)

A

anapsid

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43
Q

one fenestra (pecyosaurs , therapsids and mammals)

A

synapsid

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44
Q

2 fenestrae (most reptiles, all dinosaurs and birds)

A

diapsid

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45
Q

early forms of what became mammals; used sail for thermoregulation

A

pelycosaurids

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46
Q

best known were sail-back reptile

A

Dimetrodon

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47
Q

dominate Late Permian faunas
and ecosystem; replaced pelycosaurids

A

therapsids

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48
Q

the ability to produce their own heat and control
their body temperature

A

thermoregulation

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49
Q

ability to modify their temperature at
least partially

A

partial endotherms

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50
Q

use of sail back on pelycosaurs

A

enhanced solar heating

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51
Q

greatest extinction in Earth histor

A

terminal Permian extinction; the great dying

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52
Q

immense decrease in floral biomass caused boundary to be marked by

A

coal gap

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53
Q

largest
Phanerozoic volcanic deposits on Earth

A

Siberian traps

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54
Q

life forms immediately following extinction

A

disaster biota

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55
Q

increasing biomass and diversity after Permian extinction

A

recovery phase

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56
Q

taxa same as pre-extinction forms

A

Lazarus taxa

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57
Q

convergent with pre-
extinction taxa

A

Elvis taxa

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58
Q

new evolutionary innovations appear after Permian extinction

A

expansion phase

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59
Q

group including thecodonts, crocodiles, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

A

archosaurs

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60
Q

animals with a sprawling posture cannot breathe and run at
the same time

A

Carrier’s Constraint

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61
Q

stem group of the archosaurs that utilized all three postures

A

thecodonts

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62
Q

top carnivores of freshwater ecosystems of Triassic

A

parasuchids

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63
Q

top carnivores of the terrestrial realm of Triassic

A

crocodiles

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64
Q

small saurischian theropods of Triassic

A

Eoraptor

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65
Q

due to massive volcanism associated with the opening of the North
Atlantic Ocean

A

end-Triassic extinction

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66
Q

shows that speed increases with increased mass up to 100 kg

A

scaling taking inertia into account

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67
Q

smaller animals to be
towards the middle of the herd

A

social structuring

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68
Q

length of stride/leg length

A

relative stride length

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69
Q

v^2/gl

A

dimensionless speed

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70
Q

most dinosaurs were travelling at

A

ambling speeds around 0.5m/sec (2-5 km/hour)

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71
Q

faster speeds are shown in the dinosaur stampede at

A

Winton, Australia

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72
Q

smaller dinosaurs were racing at (during stampede in Winton)

A

3-5 m/sec (11-20 km/hour)

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73
Q

argued that dinosaurs were
warm blooded and presented several lines of evidence to back up his claim

A

Bob Bakker

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74
Q

able to maintain a constant body
temperature

A

Endotherms (partly equivalent to homeotherms)

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75
Q

receive their body heat entirely from external sources

A

Ectotherms (partly equivalent to poikilotherms

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76
Q

produce their own body heat, but
are not able to fully overcome the effects of external temperature changes

A

Partial endotherms

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77
Q

maintain temperature despite reduced metabolic rates simply by virtue of their large size

A

Inertial homeotherms (= Gigantotherms)

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78
Q

rapid early growth to maximum
size then no growth for the rest of their life

A

determinate growth

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79
Q

growth continues until death

A

indeterminate growth

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80
Q

compact bone of most modern endotherms rich in vascular structures

A

osteons

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81
Q

in nasal passages of modern endotherms that increase
the area over which blood and moist tissues are exposed to air

A

nasal turbinates

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82
Q

feathered dinosaur

A

Sinosauropteryx

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83
Q

three tetrapod groups have ever evolved flapping flight

A

pterosaurs, birds, and bats

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84
Q

(Darwin’s chief advocate) proposed that birds evolved from dinosaurs

A

Thomas Huxley

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85
Q

-3-fingered hand
-clavicles fused to form proto-wishbone (furcula)

A

tenanurid dinosaurs

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86
Q

represent the last dinosaurian stage
before birds

A

Maniraptorid dinosaurs

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87
Q

for flexibility in slashing attacks (permitted
flapping and ultimately flight)

A

half-moon-shaped wristbone

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88
Q

symmetric and hence were most likely used for maneuverability and
display

A

plumose feathers

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89
Q

The first bird

A

Archaeopteryx

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90
Q

location of first bird

A

Solenhofen Limestone of Germany

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91
Q

conifers, cycads and ginkgos

A

gymnosperms

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92
Q

ancestral spruce, pine, etc.

A

conifers

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93
Q

palm-like leaves with a prominant central seed-cone

A

cycads

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94
Q

“living fossil” that is unchanged since the Paleozoic

A

ginkgo

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95
Q

animals and land plants aided the pollination and seed dispersal of plants

A

vector transport

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96
Q

astropods, bivalves,
scleractinian corals, echinoids, bony fish, and marine reptiles

A

modern fauna

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97
Q

(coiled cephalopods) were the most abundant swimming invertebrates, medium-
level carnivores

A

ammonites

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98
Q

(cigar-shaped squidlike cephalopods) also extremely common in Mesozoic marine ecosystems

A

belemnites

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99
Q

large marine reptiles (Diorama #11)
that solved Carriers Constraint in the oceans

A

sauropterigians

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100
Q

small dolphin-like, agile, fish-eating reptiles. Gave birth to live
young at sea

A

ichthyosaurs

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101
Q

were up to 12 m long; long-necked with 4 paddle-like fins.
Mainly fish-eaters that gave birth to live young at sea

A

plesiosaurs

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102
Q

were large sea-going monitor lizards; redators that ate fish, other
reptiles, and ammonites. They also gave birth at sea

A

mosasaurs

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103
Q

most advanced therapsids

A

cynodonts

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104
Q

group of early stem-group mammaliformes

A

morganucodontids

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105
Q

most primitive living mammals

A

monotremes (protherians)

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106
Q

marsupials and placentals

A

therian mammals

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107
Q

give birth to immature young that then develop in the mother’s pouch

A

marsupials (metatherians)

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108
Q

have a longer gestation period and give birth to more fully formed young

A

placentals (eutherians)

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109
Q

end of Mesozoic extinction event

A

terminal Cretaceous event

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110
Q

huge volcanic complex almost exactly the same age as
the terminal Cretaceous extinction

A

Deccan Traps

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111
Q

large extraterrestrial bodies

A

bolides

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112
Q

reported iridium anomaly in Italy

A

Walter Alvarez

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113
Q

quartz crystals with defects characteristic of impact

A

shocked quartz

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114
Q

impact crater has now been identified

A

Chicxulub on Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

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115
Q

best exposed evidence of bolide impact

A

Hell Creek Formation of Montana

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116
Q

sudden appearance of massive amounts of fern spores

A

fern spike

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117
Q

Eocene life is exemplified by the Fossil Forest on

A

Axel Heiberg Island and Messel in Germany

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118
Q

coastal terrestrial dweller, ancestor of whale

A

Pakicetus

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119
Q

large shoreline carnivores that were capable of functioning both on land and in rivers and streams, ancestor of whale

A

Ambulocetus

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120
Q

fully formed whales (albeit with tiny vestigial hind limbs); obligate swimmers

A

Basilosaurus

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121
Q

evolved from toothed ancestors (whales)

A

baleen whales

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122
Q

elongate cells that form pipes for water flow

A

xylem

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123
Q

elongate cells that transports sugars from photosynthesis to roots and stem

A

phloem

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124
Q

to bring oxygen to roots and carbon dioxide to leaves

A

intercellular gas transport tubes

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125
Q

structural material that adds strength to xylem

A

lignin

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126
Q

first vascular plants best known from where

A

Rhynie Chert, Scotland

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127
Q

flowering plants, dominant today, tough outer coat around seed

A

angiosperms

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128
Q

fossil bed of feathered dinosaurs from Cretaceous

A

Liaoning Province, China

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129
Q

most common Mesozoic mammal

A

multituberculates

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130
Q

fossil beds with marsupials and placentals found where

A

Jehol (Liaoning, China)

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131
Q

can help to determine relative age in any single section

A

superposition

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132
Q

strata are deposited in horizontal layers that are parallel with each other

A

Law of Original
Horizontality

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133
Q

strata are continuous over lateral distance

A

Law of Original Continuity

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134
Q

can build up a composite section that shows all
the rock strata in the region in their proper relative ages

A

correlation (of rock sections)

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135
Q

subdivision of geologic time using divisions based on their fossil content

A

biostratigraphy

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136
Q

radioactive isotope used in dating

A

radioisotopes

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137
Q

feature of radioisotopes used to determine age

A

half life

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138
Q

organic fossils <60,000 years old can be dated directly using

A

C 14 dating

139
Q

highly
precise, with analytical errors less than 1 million years on volcanic minerals more than a
billion years old (dating)

A

U/Pb dating

140
Q

the major unifying theme in earth science

A

plate tectonics

141
Q

first proposed idea of continental drift

A

Alfred Wegener

142
Q

geological feature down the center of the Atlantic

A

mid-ocean ridge

143
Q

magnetic directions recorded
in rocks to determine the latitude at which the rocks were formed (used to prove plate tectonics theory)

A

paleomagnetics

144
Q

oceanic crust is constantly being created at the mid-ocean ridges and consumed in

A

subduction zones

145
Q

continental breakup begins as a

A

Rift Valley

146
Q

spreading of continental plates produces a

A

linear sea

147
Q

oceans are transitory features that are created and destroyed as mega/super continents alternately
form and then disperse

A

Wilson cycle

148
Q

represents a second wave of major impacts that
would have sterilized the upper oceans

A

Late Heavy Bombardment

149
Q

sun only 75% as bright

A

faint young sun

150
Q

Formation of Simple Organic Molecules experiment

A

Miller-Urey Experiment

151
Q

model for early life where proteins are the first complex molecules synthesized

A

proteinworld

152
Q

model for early life where RNA are the first complex molecules synthesized

A

RNA-world

153
Q

experiment shows that self-replicating living systems can consist of
little more than a short strand of RNA

A

Spiegelman Monster

154
Q

performed the same experiment (Spiegelman experiment) but without providing a living organism as a seed

A

Eigen

155
Q

Spiegelman Monster and Miller-Urey Experiment are examples of

A

evolution in a test tube

156
Q

reports of possible fossil life on Mars shown by

A

Martian Meteorite

157
Q

Archaea and Bacteria typical of very hot and acidic waters

A

archea

158
Q

model spanning all life

A

universal tree of life

159
Q

occur in areas having high heat fluxes both on continents, near convergent plate boundaries, and on the ocean floor, near the mid-ocean ridges

A

hydrothermal systems

160
Q

less deformed rocks contain Earth’s oldest definite fossils

A

Pilbara Craton of Western Australia and Barberton in South Africa

161
Q

filaments and spheres of carbon that reflect the cell walls of unicellular organisms

A

organic microfossils

162
Q

where oldest microfossils formed (disproves Darwin’s theory of a warm little pond)

A

volcanic caldera

163
Q

extreme environment where modern stromatolites thrive

A

Shark’s Bay Australia

164
Q

Proterozoic is known as the age of the

A

stromatolites

165
Q

on the north shore of Lake Superior (nearly 2 Ga) is the most important and
famous Early Proterozoic fossil locality

A

Gunflint Chert

166
Q

indicate that iron was in a
reduced state in the oceans

A

banded iron formations

167
Q

cannot tolerate oxygen

A

anaerobic

168
Q

used O2 if available, otherwise use anaerobic pathways

A

amphiaerobic

169
Q

fixes carbon dioxide (CO2) and liberates oxygen (O2) as a byproduct of metabolism

A

photosynthesis

170
Q

formed in the immediate vicinity of cyanobacterial concentrations during the iron ocean stage

A

oxygen oases

171
Q

first stage in oxidation event

A

iron ocean

172
Q

second stage in oxidation event

A

canfield ocean

173
Q

atmosphere, shallow ocean, and deep ocean all oxygenated

A

modern ocean

174
Q

The transition from an oxygen-free world to one with limited oxygen in the atmosphere and shallow seas

A

great oxidation event

175
Q

shielded Earth from UV radiation

A

ozone layer

176
Q

utilizes oxygen pathways

A

aerobic

177
Q

organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus

A

eukaryotes

178
Q

suggested that eukaryotes
represent a endosymbiosis

A

Lynn Margulis

179
Q

organic microfossils with large size and complex ridges or spines

A

architarchs

180
Q

probably represent multicellular algae
of unknown groups

A

algal compressions

181
Q

represent the
oldest complex algae showing cellular structure

A

red algae

182
Q

ancestors of land plants

A

green algae

183
Q

sister group to the animals

A

fungi

184
Q

roots of this record the massive continental collisions that produced Rodinia

A

Grenville mountains

185
Q

breakup of Rodinia produced an ice age called

A

snowball earth

186
Q

biological events and processes that have driven the course of life on our
planet

A

evolution

187
Q

total amount of genetic information coded on all the individuals in the population

A

gene pool

188
Q

genetic information of an individual is coded as a series of nucleotides

A

DNA

189
Q

change in one or more nucleotides on the DNA

A

mutation

190
Q

“survival of the fittest” during the competition for food, living space and mates + avoidance of
predators

A

natural selection

191
Q

examples of survival of the fittest

A

pepper moth and Darwin’s finches

192
Q

similar life habit in a similar environment leads to the
evolution of similar morphology among organisms that are completely unrelated

A

convergence

193
Q

convergent structures

A

analogous

194
Q

example of an analogous structure that evolved five times in placental and marsupial mammals, and therapsid reptiles

A

sabre-tooth

195
Q

organisms evolve as a response to changes in their environment, but also in response to
evolutionary changes in other organisms

A

coevolution

196
Q

evolutionary competition between predator and prey

A

arms race

197
Q

a relationship between two species that is beneficial to both

A

mutualism

198
Q

theory that species must constantly evolve or
they will go extinct

A

red queen effect by van valen

199
Q

biological classification of organisms must reflect evolutionary history

A

phylogeny

200
Q

unicellular, lack a cell nucleus or organelles

A

prokaryotes

201
Q

distinguished mainly on differences in DNA and proteins

A

domains

202
Q

mostly “normal” prokaryotes

A

bacteria

203
Q

mostly “extremophile” prokaryotes

A

archea

204
Q

includes all single and multi-celled eukaryotes

A

eukarya

205
Q

based on hierarchy proposed by Carl von Linné

A

linnean classification (know classification)

206
Q

a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

A

clade

207
Q

common ancestor and all its descendents

A

monophyletic group

208
Q

more than one ancestor which evolved separately from different groups

A

polyphyletic group

209
Q

common ancestor but does
not include all descendents

A

paraphyletic groups

210
Q

relating to original ancestoral features =pleisiomorphies

A

basal

211
Q

first appear in the clade =apomorphies

A

derived

212
Q

shows the order of evolutionary appearance of derived characters

A

cladogram

213
Q

provides a “ruler” to measure the time of origin of different clades

A

molecular clock

214
Q

remains of ancient organisms

A

fossils

215
Q

what bones are made of

A

phosphate

216
Q

conditions of fossilization

A

taphonomy

217
Q

what shells are made of

A

carbonate

218
Q

shells leave these in rocks

A

molds

219
Q

composed of complex sugar

A

cellulose

220
Q

when wood’s pores are filled with silica (produces quartz)

A

petrified

221
Q

deposits of fossils with preserved soft tissues are known as

A

fossil Lagerstatten

222
Q

the process by which chemicals present in organic matter are decomposed or oxidized into easily available forms to plants

A

mineralization

223
Q

fossilized pine tar

A

amber

224
Q

most visible fossils represent

A

preserved hard parts

225
Q

provide information about fossil behaviour

A

trace fossils

226
Q

period of global glaciation at 635 Ma

A

Marinoan glaciation

227
Q

the youngest
Proterozoic glacial deposits worldwide

A

gaskiers glaciation (580 Ma)

228
Q

the world’s first
large soft-bodied eukaryote

A

when life got big

229
Q

oldest Ediacaran fossils known anywhere, found near

A

Mistaken Point

230
Q

mistaken point dominated by highly fractal forms called (ediacaran fronds)

A

rangeomorphs

231
Q

failed experiment in evolution

A

extinct clade

232
Q

how ediacaran organisms fed without mouths

A

suspension feeding

233
Q

taking dissolved chemicals out of seawater

A

osmotrophy

234
Q

forms with segmentation and bilateral symmetry interpreted as mobile bilaterian that grazed on microbial mats (stem group bilaterians)

A

Dickinsonia and Kimberella

235
Q

primitive examples of simple crown-group animals signified what age

A

dawn of animal life

236
Q

proposed that all Ediacaran taxa are more similar to each other than they are to any living organisms

A

Dolf Seilacher

237
Q

Dolf Seichlacher named this single eukaryotic group as

A

Vendobionta

238
Q

ancestral taxa that eventually evolved into more recent organisms

A

stem group

239
Q

shown by fronds of extinct clades above sea bottom that are similar to modern communities of suspension feeders

A

tiering

240
Q

another term for ediacaran biota

A

garden of ediacara

241
Q

wide variety of animals burst onto the evolutionary scene after Ediacaran extinction

A

Cambrian explosion

242
Q

profound and rapid diversification event

A

evolutionary radiation

243
Q

internal fluid-
filled cavity

A

coelome

244
Q

have a coelome

A

coelomates

245
Q

collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection

A

crown group

246
Q

a primitive sedentary aquatic invertebrate with a soft porous body

A

sponges

247
Q

first skeletal reef-
builders, went extinct at the end of the Early Cambrian

A

archaeocyathan

248
Q

shell fossils from Cambrian

A

small shelly fossils

249
Q

have a soft unsegmented body and live in aquatic or damp habitats

A

molluscs

250
Q

small shelly fossil that had spines that armoured the body

A

sclerites

251
Q

type of marine invertebrate with shells that have two valves attached along a hinge

A

Brachiopods

252
Q

invertebrate group dominant in Cambrian

A

Arthropods

253
Q

extinct marine arthropod with segmented hind part divided into three lobes

A

trilobite

254
Q

stem groups arthropods known from Burgess Scale

A

Marella and Anomalocaris

255
Q

fossil-bearing deposit of hard and soft bodied Cambrian fossils in British Columbia, Canada

A

burgess scale

256
Q

marine invertebrate animals with a five part symmetrical body

A

echinoderm

257
Q

consists of animals with a flexible rod supporting their dorsal or back sides from Cambrian

A

chordates

258
Q

Cambrian burrows show consistent, complex patterns that are repeated worldwide and
probably reflect behavioural coding on the genome

A

when life got smart

259
Q

evolutionary development of increasingly sophisticated armour
and weapons in Cambrian

A

Cambrian arms race

260
Q

caused by the Cambrian arms race

A

agronomic revolution

261
Q

cycles of assembly of continents

A

supercontinent cycle

262
Q

characterized by ice-covered poles, narrow climatic belts, and low sea
levels

A

icehouse climate

263
Q

characterized by broad tropical belts, warm temperate conditions to the poles, and high sea levels

A

greenhouse climate

264
Q

analysis of this helped to illustrate history of Neogene cooling

A

oxygen isotope
analyses

265
Q

divided all Phanerozoic marine animals into three overlapping Evolutionary
Faunas

A

Sepkoski

266
Q

Cambrian, paleozoic, modern faunas are called

A

evolutionary faunas

267
Q

Cambrian fauna were categorized as

A

mud grubbers

268
Q

evolution of these new paleozoic faunas

A

armoured filter feeds and pelagic predators

269
Q

established the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna

A

Ordovician radiation

270
Q

significant and geologically instantaneous drops in diversity

A

mass extinction

271
Q

> 50% family extinction;

A

major extinction

272
Q

10-50% family extinction

A

intermediate

273
Q

3-10% family extinction

A

lesser extinction

274
Q

areas with distinct biotas

A

biogeographic provinces

275
Q

shallow seas that covered most of North America in the Ordovician

A

epeiric seas

276
Q

analogous to terrarium thicket

A

fringing reef

277
Q

tidal zones in the Ordovician

A

supratidal and intertidal flats

278
Q

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains

A

trophic web

279
Q

easily categorized ways of life that have evolved repeatedly among different taxonomic
group

A

guilds

280
Q

largest carnivorous land mammal ever, present in the cenozoic

A

Mesonychids

281
Q

small to mid-range ferret-, cat-, dog-, and wolverine-type carnivores

A

creodonts

282
Q

an order of mammals with powerful jaws and adapted teeth

A

carnivora

283
Q

knock down trees to eat the leaves, prevents trees from growing, preserves savannah ecosystem

A

megaherbivores

284
Q

eat different levels of grass in savannahs

A

grazers

285
Q

long necks, eat from the tops of trees

A

browsers

286
Q

animals that feed on a mixture of foods

A

mixed feeders

287
Q

stabbing and bone crushing predators

A

carnivores

288
Q

extensive extinctions amongst the archaic mammals in the Eocene-Oligocene boundary

A

la grande coupure

289
Q

even-toed ungulates

A

artiodactyls

290
Q

odd-toed ungulates

A

perissodactyls

291
Q

perrisodactyls that were exceptionally large herbivores

A

titanotheres and chalicotheres and Indricotherium

292
Q

miocene was the

A

age of horses

293
Q

ancestor of modern horses

A

Hyracotherium

294
Q

made up of silica eliminated grazers with short teeth and favoured long-toothed grazers

A

C4 grasses

295
Q

long toothed grazers

A

hypsodont

296
Q

evolved in Africa and includes all modern elephants

A

Afrotheria

297
Q

evolved in South America and includes all modern sloths, armadillos, and South American anteaters

A

Xenarthra

298
Q

placental clades from he northern continents of
Europe + Asia + North America

A

Boreoeutheria

299
Q

superb record of mammal evolution here

A

Riversleigh Australia

300
Q

mammals migrated freely between North and South American continents

A

the Great American Interchange

301
Q

early branch off from primate lineage

A

plesiadapids

302
Q

lemur-like forms in primate evolution

A

adapsids

303
Q

tarsier-like forms in primate evolution

A

omomyids

304
Q

Biological order that comprises prosimans, monkeys, apes, among which humans

A

primates

305
Q

monkeys + apes, evolved from tarsier like forms

A

Anthropoids

306
Q

near the common ancestor of the apes and the Old World monkeys

A

Aegyptopithecus

307
Q

classic representative of the Homonoidea

A

Proconsul

308
Q

Chimpanzees

A

pan

309
Q

all primates more similar to Homo than to chimpanzees

A

hominins

310
Q

caused by Arabia drifting away from Africa

A

East African Rift

311
Q

the first find of australopithecines

A

Taung child

312
Q

where the first find of australopithecines was found

A

Raymond dart

313
Q

oldest generally accepted hominin

A

Sahelanthropus

314
Q

relatively complete female skeleton; oldest partial hominin skeleton known anywhere

A

ardi

315
Q

faculative biped who was equally adept on
the ground or in the trees

A

Ardipithecus

316
Q

can walk but doesn’t do it all the time

A

facultative biped

317
Q

active grasping and climbing for primates

A

palmigrade climbing

318
Q

using knuckles as walking support

A

knuckle walking

319
Q

climbing by propelling body from tree to tree

A

tree swinging

320
Q

nearly complete skeleton of gracile australopithicines

A

Lucy

321
Q

australopithicines subdivision groups

A

gracile and robust

322
Q

robust australopithicines commonly placed in what genus

A

Paranthropus

323
Q

where walking or running on two legs is the primary method of locomotion

A

obligate biped

324
Q

trackway showing bipedal locomotion

A

Laetoli

325
Q

first possible controversial tool appearance

A

Lomekwian

326
Q

oldest reasonably complete skeletons - of a facultative biped who was equally adept on the ground and in trees

A

Ardipithecus

327
Q

obligate biped that lived mainly on the ground and had
a mainly vegetarian diet including considerable roughage

A

Australopithecus

328
Q

hammerstones and simple flakes tools used by homo

A

Oldowan

329
Q

hand axes show deliberate manufacture, represent the world’s first permanent tools

A

Acheulean

330
Q

states that different populations of H. erectus in Africa, Europe,
central Asia and SE Asia maintained some genetic interchange, and eventually evolved into
the different races of H. sapiens

A

multiregional theory

331
Q

states that H. sapiens evolved in Africa. All hominid populations living outside Africa were evolutionary dead ends that went
extinct about the time that H. sapiens spread out of Africa

A

monogenesis “out of Africa theory”

332
Q

more sophisticated tools used by Neanderthals

A

Mousterian

333
Q

bone dictating capacity of speech

A

hyoid

334
Q

represent a parallel clade of extinct humans, but are known almost entirely from
molecular data

A

Denisovans

335
Q

complex tool used by Homo sapiens

A

Aurignacian

336
Q

life is affected by major physical perturbations which cause accelerated evolutionary response

A

court jester effect (by Barnowsky)

337
Q

species living on the edges of the Namib Desert that does not knock down trees

A

the desert elephant

338
Q

top cambrian predator of the seas

A

Anomalocaris

339
Q

top paleozoic predator

A

cephalopod

340
Q

top predator of the devonian

A

placoderms

341
Q

first amniote to return to water

A

mesosaurus

342
Q

top predators of the Permian

A

shelled cephalopds and sharks

343
Q
A

geology 107 (2 decks)

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