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Environmental Health 100, Midterm2 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

top 5 leading causes of death

A
  1. dieseas of the heat
  2. malignant neoplasma
  3. chronic lower respiratory disease
  4. cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
  5. accidents
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2
Q

Disease of the heart + Malignant neoplasms make up… % of deaths

A

50

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3
Q

women live longer than men but…

A

their cause of death from stroke or alzheimers disease is higher

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4
Q

top 5 leading causes of deaths for infants

A
  1. congenital malformations
  2. diorders related to short gestation and low birth weight
  3. suddan infant death syndrome
  4. newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy
  5. accidents
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5
Q

Death and the environment. 3 kinds of environments that effect

A

social, geological, biological

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6
Q

example of social environment and death

A

married, divorced, widowed differnet life expectnacies.

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7
Q

example of geography and death

A

different areas of the US have different life expectancies

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8
Q

example of biology and death

A

being male is a risk factor.

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9
Q

1 in 10,000 means

A

up to one additinal case from a designated cuase in a population of 10,000 people may occur in the next 70years

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10
Q

rate per person-time estimate

A

example: 10 people exposed to an adgent all worked for different number of yeats. estimate could be X/total of all persons years

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11
Q

estimated relavtive risk

A

incident rate in exposed/incident rate in non exposed. 1= no association. >1 positive correlation. <negative correlation

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12
Q

de minimis

A

society must accept some level of risk. threshold below risks are considered trivial. sometimes it is set lower if the benefit is great.

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13
Q

Top 3 underlying causes of death

A
  1. tobacco
  2. poor diet and physical activity
  3. alcphol consumption
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14
Q

DRI

A

dietary reference intakes. include EAR, RDA, AI and UL

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15
Q

EAR

A

estimated average requirment- average intake needed to prevent clinical deficiency

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16
Q

RDA

A

recommended daily allowance. calculated value (EAR + 2 SD)

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17
Q

AI

A

adequate intake. in absesnse of data provided an EAR and RDA. Mean intake of a healthy population

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18
Q

UL

A

upper tolerable level. highest safe intake where no signs of toxicity are evident.

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19
Q

how to estimate when a toxin becomes a hazard

A

dose response and exposure

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20
Q

NOAEL

A

No observed adverse effect level- hgighest concentration reported that doesn not cause harm

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21
Q

LOAEL

A

lowest concentration reporded that does not cause hardm

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22
Q

Estimated Exposure Dose, EED

A

measured or calculated dose to which humans are likelt to be exposed considering exposure from all other sources and routes.

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23
Q

Margin or exposure, MOE

A

ratio of the NOAEL and the EED

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24
Q

IPCS

A

International Programme on Chemical Safety. define “tolerable intake”

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25
Q

Tolerable Intake

A

lifetime intake of a substanct that can occur without appreciable health risk. TI= NOAEL/UF

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26
Q

UF

A

uncertainty factor

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27
Q

Interspecies UF

A

10^0.4 x 10^0.6

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28
Q

Intraspecies UF

A

10^0.5 x 10^0.5

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29
Q

Boron

A

widely used in consumer and construction products, an ingrediant in detergents, cosmetics, toothpast, glass and preservatives.

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30
Q

Critical Effect

A

An observable effect. example: Fetal rat weight. Dont want to chose death as critical effect.

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31
Q

Monitor types

A

Area monitors, Personnel monitors (radiation badges on indviduals), biomarkers

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32
Q

examples of potential intraspecific differences

A

fetus or child compared to adult- absorbtion, excretion, metabolism, body burden. male compared to fema, germ cell, developmental toxns. old compared to young- dermal absorption

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33
Q

Reference Dose

A

replaced the concept of acceptable daily intake to avoide the idea of “acceptabe” and “saftey”. RfD=NOAEL/UF

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34
Q

EPA criteria for evaluating carcinogenic potential

A 
mode of action
weight of toxicology evidence
dose-response assessment
susceptible populations and life-stages
evaluation risk from childhood exposures
characterizations of overal risk
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35
Q

Mode of Action

A

sequence of events and processes starting with interaction of an agent with cell. examples: mutagenicity, miogenesis, inhibition of cell death, cytotoxicity

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36
Q

Weight of Evidence

A

evidence of tumors in exposes animals or humans. chemical and physical properties. evidence hemical activates carcinogenic processes.

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37
Q

Risk assessment Carcinogens

A

non-caner toxins have threshold. carcinogens to not have thresholds! One moluecule is a risk.

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38
Q

Cancer slope factors

A

chemical/bodywight per exposure period

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39
Q

Cancer potency

A

95% upper confidence limit of the slope factor

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40
Q

Cancer risk

A

C x [(IR x EF e ED)/(BXxAT)]xSFxASF

c=concentration in mg/L 
IR=intake in L/day
BW=body weight
EF=exposure frequency
ED=exposure duration in years
AT=average time exposed
SF=cancer slope factor
ASF=age senstive factor
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41
Q

Risk Managment

A

science 30%
Law 30%
Politics 40%

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42
Q

HQ

A

Hazard Quotient- risk from exposure via a single pathway. EED/RfD

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43
Q

HI

A

Hazard Index- sum of all HQ

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44
Q

Politics of risk managment

A

familiar riska are less fearfull. unfamiliar risk are more feared

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45
Q

assessment of microbes

A

major differences from chemicals:
chemicals do not multiply
microbes multiply and undergo natural selection in host.

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46
Q

neoplasm

A

tumor

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47
Q

malignant

A

rapidly growing clones of the cells. cause cachexia(loss of apetite)

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48
Q

Bengign tumors- suffix

A

-oma. examples: fibroma= benign tumor of fibrous tissue.

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49
Q

carcin-

-oma

A

malignant tumor of the glands of the stomach

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50
Q

sarc-

-oma

A

maligmnant tumors of mesenchymal origin

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51
Q

VDPIMP

A

evaluate biopsy to determin if neoplasm is present

V-variation
D-disorganization
P-proliferation
I-invasion
M-metastasis
P-persistence
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52
Q

ectoderm=
endoderm=
mesoderm=

A

carcinoma
carcinoma
sarcoma

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53
Q

Tumors are of monoclonal origin

A

the cell which initiates genesis of cancer is not itself malignant but the cells progeny

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54
Q

cancer risk is higher in populations exposed to certain chemicals

A

snuff causes cancer.

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55
Q

chromosomes are involved

A

chromosomal aberrations are consistently associated with various types of cancer

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56
Q

Ames test

A

testing for mutagenicity. environmental egents can cuase mutations.

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57
Q

Oncogenes

A

cancer genes. retroviral RNa0 can reverse transcribe into DNA and incorporant into the host DNA.

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58
Q

proto-oncogene

A

humans carry genes with that them that when damaged can cause cancer.

  • control cell division
  • control cell differentiation
  • can aquire mutations that convert them into oncogenes
  • oncogenes convernt normal cells into cancer cells
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59
Q

types of damage that can convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

A
  1. point mutations
  2. translocation
  3. gene amplification
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60
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A
  • control cell division
  • DNA repair genes
  • Apoptosis genes
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61
Q

Normal adult tissue control 3 cell processes

A
  1. continued replication
  2. differentiation to take on specialized functions
  3. apoptosis
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62
Q

Tissue Cell Number= Cell Proliferation - Cell Death

A 
# of Cells = (oncogenes+damaged tumor suppressor) - damages apoptosis genes
... = CANCER
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63
Q

Familial Proportion of risk

A

environment plays a bigger role than genetics in cancer.

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64
Q

UV Light and Skin Cancer

A

UV radiation causes the formation of pyrimadine dimers in specific DNA sequences of the tumor suppressor gene. DNA synthesis will fix these mutations.

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65
Q

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)

A

byproduct of incomplete comustion of coal, wood, tobacco. cuased scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps. protective clohing provided the first successful progrm in cancer prevention.

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66
Q

HPV

A

the environmental agent in cervical cancer. HPV is very high risk factor for penile, vulvar and cervical cancer. strong link between APV and oral, larynx, esophogus and lung cancer.

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67
Q

Breast Cancer

A

terminal epithelial milk bulb is wear cancer occurs. ductus system greatly expands when pregnant, even more dense when breast feeding then stops and then apoptosis. becoming pregnant lowers risk for breast cance.r

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68
Q

Stem Cell Cancer Hypothesis

A

mutations that cause cancer occu in the stem cell or its progenitor cell.

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69
Q

Progenitor Cell

A

differentiate into different types of specialized cells.

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70
Q

common metals associated with cancer risk

A
  1. arsenic
  2. cadmium
  3. chromium
  4. nickel
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71
Q

Genotoxins

A

agents that cause DNA damage

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72
Q

nucleoside

A

pyrimidine or purine + ribose

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73
Q

nucleotide

A

nucleoside + phosphate

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74
Q

Transcription

A

DNA converted to mRNA

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75
Q

translation

A

mRNA to protein

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76
Q

example of environmental pollution and selection

A

shift in moth color correlated with the introduction of U.S. air pollution laws.

77
Q

constitutional chromosomal aberraton

A

those that you are born with

78
Q

acquired chromosomal aberration

A

arise as secondary changes to other diseases such as cancer.

79
Q

Clastogenic damage

A

damage to chromosomes

80
Q

deletion

A

loss of material from a singel chromosom

81
Q

Inversions

A

2 breaks occur within a single chromosom and the broken segment flips and reattatches. usually no risk to individual if inversion is familial origin. slightly increased risk itf it is de novo (new).

82
Q

Translocation

A

exchange of materials between 2 or more chromosomes. If is reciprocal (balanced)- risk for problems to an individual is similar to inversions (none if familial and slightly increased if de novo). If a gamete combines with a normal gamete, one is monosomic and one is trisomic.

83
Q

Transition

A

purines exchanged of pyrimidines changed, but purine or pyrimadine oreintation remains the same.

84
Q

Transversion

A

purine replaced with pyrimidine or vise versa.

85
Q

The Ames Test

A

most widely used test for mutagenicity

86
Q

Del Assay

A

Ames test doesnt detect mutations caused by the deletion of a gene. Del Assay does.

87
Q

Cell Checkpoint System

A

arrests cells before DNA synthesis and again during chromosomal duplication to allow time for repair.

88
Q

Nucleotide Excision Repair

A

NER- pathway is a system the removes a broad spectrum of structurally unrelated lesion such as UV induced photoproducts

89
Q

Epigenetics

A

Above the Gene

90
Q

The expression of genes can be turned off by

A
  • addition of methyl groups on cytosine bases
  • addition of methyl groups on histone proteins that surround DNA
  • addition of acetyl groups to histones to cause them to tighten and make the grooves of DNA inacessible so that genes in a particular region cannot be expressed.

Some exposures that trigger epigenetics changes.

91
Q

radiation

A

particle and non-particel electromagnetic energy that radiates from a source.

92
Q

Natural Radiation

A

the neuron is unstable and decays. The instability explains why there is a natural radioactivity in our water supplies, soil and indoor air.

93
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

radiation that has enough energy to remove an electron from an atom. 5 major types:

  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. X
  4. gamma
  5. neutron radiation
94
Q

Quark

A

smallest unit of matter

95
Q

Nuclear Radiation

A

emission of atomic particles from the nucleus of an atom.

96
Q

Radionuclide

A

an atom whose nuclei is unstable and emits particles such as alpha or beta particles or electromagnetic radiation in the form of X or gamma

97
Q

Atomic Mass

A

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

98
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

99
Q

proton

A

a nuclear particle composed of 3 quarks that has a mass of 1 and charge of +1

100
Q

Neutron

A

nuclear particel composed of 3 quarks that wighs as much as a proton but has no charge.

101
Q

electron

A

an atomic particle that has a charge of -1. weighs 1/2000 of a proton

102
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

103
Q

Particulate Radiation

A
  • particles have a defined range of matter rather than an absorption profile like electromagnetic waves
  • particles undergo nuclear reactions to produce secondary particles
  • particles deposit energy along well defined linear paths
104
Q

Alpha particles

A

big and heavy, arise from unstable radioactive isotopes emitted from the nucleus of elements with mass number greater than 208.
He nuclei

105
Q

Beta particles

A

no independent existence inside the nucleus. created at the instant of emission. emitted by unstable isotopes.

106
Q

Non-particulate radiation

A

x=rays and y-rays. quanta of electromagnetic energy and no mass. they are highly penetrating and travel long distances through dense materials.

107
Q

Health effects of radiation

A

due to the ionization proces (formation of ions). can be direct and indirect

108
Q

direct

A

energy from free electron in an ionized atom trasnferred directly yo DNA or any other macromolecule to cause damage.

109
Q

Indirect

A

energy from an electron of an ionized atom in the form of a photon is absorbed by one of the oxygen electrons in water. cuases the electron to rise to a higher lecel forming a radical.

110
Q

Atomic Bomb radiaiton

A

children survivors developed more leukemia.

111
Q

Chernobyl

A

developed more thyroid cancer. 40% of the population was suffereing from iodine deficiency at the time of the accident.

112
Q

acute radiation symptoms

A

epilation, vomiting, bleeding from the gums, diarrhea and purpura.

113
Q

Threshold Dose

A

below a certain radiation does, no acute symptoms occur, in contrast to a theory knwon as the linear dose-response relationship.

114
Q

Fukushima

A

earthquake and tsumani 2011 resulted in the worst nuclear plant accident since Chernobyl. thousands of people exposed to cesium 134. scientists want to find out if there is a thresholf below which no ill effects exist.

115
Q

non-ionizing radiation

A

electromagnetic waves that dont have enough energy to ionize atoms

116
Q

Infared

A

see it when looking at a hot burner on an electrc stove. high enough energy to cause thermal burns.

117
Q

UV light

A

causes amage through both thermal and photochemical mechanisms. The most common skin effect is erythema (reddening)

118
Q

UV-A

A

degrades collagen and elastin. causes wrinkles. has been shown to cause melanoma.

119
Q

UV-B

A

causes skin to thicken and harden. causes sunburn.

120
Q

Vitamin D

A

foods do not contain vitamin D unless they are fortified.

121
Q

UV-B sunscreen

A

can cause vitamin D deficiency. there is a balance between the amount needed for the synthesis of vitamin D and harmful levels that destroy folic acid.

122
Q

ABCD

A

Asymmetrical shape
Borders that is irrefular or jagged
Color that varies from tan to brown to black or red to blue
Diameter bigger than the top of a pencil eraser

123
Q

high-risk groups

A

people with red or blonde hair, more than 50 moles, three or more blistering sunburns in the past or a family history or melanoma.

124
Q

neurotoxin

A

substance that damages neuron or cell types in the nervous system

125
Q

neurobehavioral toxin

A

neurotoxins that change people behavior. nicotone and opiates.

126
Q

neuropathy

A

death of neurons

127
Q

axonopathy

A

neruonal axon is the primary site of injury, degnerates leaving just the cell budy

128
Q

myelinopathy

A

disruption of the myelin

129
Q

Gliosis

A

astrocytes, non-neronal cells in the brain proliferate in the space left by the death of neurons

130
Q

Lead exposure comes from

A

lead based paint, battery recycling industry, old cooking vessels, ceramic paints, the wrappers of candy.

131
Q

Lead in children

A

children blood levels inversley associated with IQ and positively associated with ADHD. can lead to seizure, coma and death

132
Q

90% of lead deposited in

A

the mineral matrix of the skeleton. inhibits heme synthesis. increases blood pressuer and results in strokes. reduces male fertility

133
Q

chronic Pb

A

peripheral motor weakness, impaired learning and low intelligence. severe headache, convulsion, coma, delirium and death.

134
Q

25 ug/100ml Pb

A

reportaed to the health department

135
Q

45 ug/100ml Pb

A

requires chelation therapy

136
Q

65 ug/100ml Pb

A

hospitalize

137
Q

how is lead different than other non-carcinogens?

A

toxic at all concentratons

138
Q

Primary source of elemental mercury

A

coal burning power plants.

139
Q

how does elemental mercury become methyl murcury?

A

concerted by bacteria, then bioaccumulates in the food chain.

140
Q

primary source of Hg exposure comes from

A

Eating fish

141
Q

Dental amalgam

A

50% elemental Hg. other materials dont work as well.

142
Q

why is organic mercury toxic and elementay mercury is not?

A

the non-polar methyl groups increase lipid solubility allowing it to cross the bloob brain barrier. the more lipid soluble, the more toxic

143
Q

recomendations for selecting and eating fish and shellfish (women and young children)

A
  1. do not eat shark, swordfish, king mackeral or tilefish
  2. low mercury=shrimp, canned una, salmon , poluck and catfish
  3. albacore tuna has more mercury than canned tuna.
144
Q

Minimata Bay Japan

A

1953 plastic manufacture discharged into sea, 700 people dies, 9000 paralysis brain dead. 25% children had mental deficiency.

145
Q

Iraq 1972

A

wheatseeds mercury fungicide, 65000 ill, 459 dead.

146
Q

Adiction results from changes in 3 neuronal pathways:

A
  1. physical- autonomic and somatic function. physical dependence and withdrawl
  2. motivation-mesoaccumbens dopamine projections entending from ventral tegmental area of midbrain to nucleua accumbens
  3. associative memory systems that produce powerful learned associations , predispose drug cravings.
147
Q

Reward pathway

A

release of neurotransmitter dopamine. dopamine release normally serves to reinforce behaviors that lead to biologically important rewards.

148
Q

Tolerance

A

desensitivation of nicotine receptors

149
Q

Sensitization

A

opposite of tolerance. faster highs with repeasted use of marijuana

150
Q

Euphoria

A

the buzz, rush or high state of pleasure from a drug

151
Q

Craving

A

the psychological desire for more of a drug

152
Q

Smoking and the brain

A

effects populations differently. some populations are more resistant to smoking related cascular diesases.

153
Q

Physiological effects of tobacco

A

vision, visual movement, endocrine function, blood pressure, motivation increase, emotion increase. 10 second delivery

154
Q

Nicotine, how does it cause additiction?

A

ability to bind to the presynaptic receptiors in the CNS, activated reward system. binds to more receptors, maked unavailible for normal function- desensitivation. # of unbound receptors associated with depression.

155
Q

Insula

A

proposed to function in coscious urge.

156
Q

declarative v undeclarative learning

A

nndeclarative- skills, habits not accessible to a conscious mind.

157
Q

Opiates addition at cellular level

A

reduce pain. ventral fragment areas release endogenous opioid peptides.

158
Q

Marijuana at cellular level

A

endocannabinoids-bine to cannabinoid rceptors. decreased release of neurotransmitters affecting pain perception. affects memoryand cognition. increases apetite. observed to increase psychic breaks in students? Long term problem is dullness and lack of motivation.

159
Q

Naegele’s Rule

A

subtract 3 months from the first day of the last perior and add one year and 7 days.

160
Q

Reproductive toxin

A

chemicals that disrupt normal concenption, implantation and in vitro fertilization and prenatal development

161
Q

Maternal weight gain during pregnancy…

A

outside the recommended ranges, associated with suboptimal maternal and childhealth. retain wight after delivery, more likely to undergo c-section and deliver large for gestational age newborns.

162
Q

maternal constraint

A

fetal growth is matched with maternal size rather that genetic potential. mediated by placental size, perfusion og nutrients into the fetus, genetic expression of growth factors.

163
Q

rate of preterm and low birthweight infants

A

8.1% of births

164
Q

SGA

A

small for gestational age

165
Q

IUGR

A

Intrauterine growth restriction- infants that have failed to reach their growth potential due to insult in utereo

166
Q

preterm

A

infants born before their normal due date. (environmental toxins like tobacco, Pb, Cd increase risk)

167
Q

oogonia

A

ova are formed in the ovary from these cells. arrected in the first stage of meiosis during embryogenisis. the second stae of meiosis is completed in the oviduct after sperm penetration.

168
Q

atresia

A

follicular death. the number of oogonia is fixed at birth and not replaced overtime, they undergo XX

169
Q

FSH

A

rise about 20 ng/ml= biomarker for onset of menopause

170
Q

Torschlusspanik

A

panic felt by people when left outside city walls after gates close. now used in context of anxiety some women experience as their doors to reproductive years begin to close.

171
Q

Grandmother hypothesis

A

menopause cuts of reproduction and keeps an adult female around to support her children and gradchildren.

172
Q

Older males sperm

A

mutations in DNA increase with age. the ability to repair genetic damage diminishes with age. older males father more girls, sperm carrying Y chromosome are less hearty?

173
Q

Impotency problems

A

50% of 50 year old men. 60% of 60…

174
Q

Germ Cell Toxins

A

examples:lead and DCBP

175
Q

DES- diethylstillbestrol

A

syntehstic estrogen that was used as an anti-abortive agent to prevent miscarrige in 1947-1070. 80% of female offspring developed glandular epithelium. and increased risk of some cancers

176
Q

Puberty

A

kisspeptin and receptor GPR54 “kiss”, prepare body for sexual maturity.

177
Q

increased trend for earliist breast development and menarche

A

most likely explanation= trend of increase in body weight and obesity.

178
Q

Implantation

A

morula–> blastocyst —> attatches to uterine epithelium—> implants in the uterine lining (durng window of implantation, opened by surge of estrogen)

179
Q

organogensis

A

cell proliferation and differentiation from a pattern of the organ structure. distruption of this process can stop development of an organ or make it disfunctional.

180
Q

teratogen

A

a chemical that causes a birth defect

181
Q

most sensitive period of gestation

A

implantation and organogensis

182
Q

Thalidomide

A

a sedative used to prevent morning sickness panned in 1961- discovered to impair limb bud formation. its antiangiogensis properties make it a good for treated leprosy and muscular degeneration.

183
Q

DBCP

A

soil fumigant in 1960s and 1970s pesticide. testicular toxin. degeneration of sminiferous tubules, lead to low sperm counts, abnormal sperm and aspermia.

184
Q

endocrine disruptors

A

chemicals that alter normal hormone function.

185
Q

estrogen and antiestrogen

A

estrogen circulates in the blood, environmental agents bind to estrogen receptors, acts as an agonist, stimulates the receptor.

186
Q

common endocrine disruptors

A

DES, dioxin, PBCs, DDT. maybe DDE, BPA,phthalats

187
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrium grows in other places, fallopian tubes, ovaries ect. inflammatory response, can cut off blood supply to an ovary.

188
Q

Stress hypothesis

A

ancient biological response to danger. male pregnancies are more likley to miscarry in response to stree than female pregnancies. low blood glucose levels in women favor daughters. birth of more females concienved furing famine beneficial outcome.

Environmental Health 100, Midterm2 (1 decks)

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