Midterm 2 Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What is the 2nd leading cause of death in Canada?
A
CVD
2
Q
What is the 6th/7th leading cause of death in Canada?
A
diabetes
3
Q
Which ethnic populations are more likely to get diabetes?
A
- south asians (6x more likely)
- African/African Caribbean = 3x more likely
4
Q
How many deaths in canada each year are a result of CVD?
A
51,000
5
Q
How many deaths in canada each year are a result of diabetes?
A
6800 (or 25,000)
6
Q
What are the current Canadian recommendations for fibre intake?
A
Women = 25 g
Men = 38 g
7
Q
there is a _____ reduction in CVD for every ____ grams of additional fibre
A
9% reduction, for every 7 grams of additional fibre
8
Q
there is a _____ reduction in stroke for every ____ grams of additional fibre
A
7%, 7g (there is a greater effect for insoluble fibre than soluble fibre)
9
Q
the SACN recommends an increase in dietary fibre to ____ g/day for adults 16+
A
30 g / day (through a variety of sources), in order to reduce disease
10
Q
The goal of the North Karelia project was to target the following risk factors:
A
- smoking
- cholesterol
- blood pressure
11
Q
The North Karelia project involved the development of comprehensive community based interventions, including:
A
- health services
- industry
- media
- public policy
12
Q
what was used to evaluate the North Karelia Project?
A
- population surveys
- disease registers
13
Q
What are the 5 different diabetes classifications?
A
- impaired glucose intolerance
- type 1
- type 2
- gestational
- undiagnosed
14
Q
Why has the # of people with type 2 diabetes in canada increased?
A
- aging population
- higher obesity rates
- sedentary lifestyles
15
Q
4.increased immigration from high-risk populations
A
- increased aboriginal population
16
Q
the highest rates of diabetes in canada are in:
A
ontario
17
Q
the risk of type 2 diabetes is highest in the following 5 populations
A
- asian
- south asian -6x
- african - 3x
- aboriginal - 3-5x
- hispanic
18
Q
almost ___ % of new canadians come from populations that are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes
A
80%
19
Q
what are the 9 factors associated with type 2 diabetes?
A
- diet
- obesity
- smoking
- dyslipedmia
- macrovascular disease
- hypertension
- stress/depression
- SES
- physical activity
20
Q
What is the CANRISK?
A
- the canadian diabetes risk questionnaire
- it is a good public health tool
- people can do it themselves of professionals can do it with cleints
21
Q
Diabetics have ___ x higher rates of depression
A
2-3x
22
Q
Type 2 diabetes can increase risk for:
A
- heart disease
- stroke.
- high bp
- premature death
Diabetes is the single largest cause of blindness, and a leading cause of kidney failure and lower limb amputation
23
Q
What age is most at risk for diabetes?
A
Working age canadians (age 35-45 is when it picks up), it then tapers off
24
Q
the onset of type 2 diabetes can be prevented through these 3 things:
A
- increased physical activity
- healthy eating
- weight loss
25
what type of diet is recommended for someone with diabetes?
low sugar
low sodium
high whole grains
high fibre
high F&V
26
according to the CCHS, what % of canadians 12+ consume 5+ servings of F&V per day?
41%
27
The WHO and the Canadian Heart ands troke foundation recommend ___ % of total energy intake from free sugars, while the SACN study suggested __ %
10%, 5%
28
If you drink sugary drinks, they increase your risk of diabetes by __ % per day
18%
29
Canadians drink ____ L of soft drinks per person per year
101 L
30
The main source of all types of diabetes costs is:
complications
31
what is the best way to prevent diabetes?
lifestyle interventiosn
32
what was the objective of the Diabetes Prevention Program? It was a lifestyle intervention to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in ________
at risk populations
33
It is easier to prevent diabetes when using these 3 stratgeies:
1. individual education
2. health communication
3. screening
34
Coulagiri suggests that in order to combat diabetes, we should:
1. emphasize lifestyle interventions that target high risk populations
2. a comprehensive approach to targeting diabetes prevention that affects all people in our society
35
What did Colagiuri's article state?
- RCTs show that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed through lifestyle modifications and medication (to a lesser degree) in HIGH RISK POPULATIONS
- social policy is the key to achieving and sustaining social and physical environments required to achieve widespread reductions in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes
36
37
38
Colagiuri explored the following areas for successful intervention:
1. science
2. surgery
3. service delivery
4. social policy
39
According to Colagiuri, what is the best approach to preventing risk factors for diabetes?
high risk approach combined with a populatin approach
40
what was the US Diabetes prevention program?
showed that lifestyle interventions were effective in preventing diabetes. metformin was also to a lesser extent
41
What are the 3 principal types of evaluation design?
1. evaluation of process
2. evaluation of impact
3. evaluation of outcome
42
what are the methods involved in evaluating the process of a program?
1. observations
2. interviews
3. analysis of program activity
43
when evaluating a public health intervention, all evaluations require:
1. a clearly defined objective - guides what measures to use
2. a distinct target population
3. appropriate methodology
4. data collection, data processing, analysis
5. an evaluation report
44
this type of evaluation focuses on the procedures involved in programme delivery
process evaluation
45
this type of evaluation focuses on whether the implementation went according to plan
process evaluation
46
this type of evaluation should begin soon after programme implementation and should be monitored throughout its duration
process evaluation
47
appropriate methods of ____ evaluation include observations, interviews, and analysis of programme activity
process evaluation
48
this type of evaluation would look at questions like:
- how was the programme provided?
- were there any significant barriers to effective provision?
- what population groups and how many individuals were reached by the program?
- how does this compare with the planed activity and target group?
- what was the quality of the service according to participants?
process evaluation
49
this type of evaluation would assess the immediate effects of the intervention on participants and other stakeholders
impact evaluation
50
using ____ evaluation at an early stage of the program can guide service development if the expected changes are not evident
impact evaluation
51
both ____ and ____ look at the effect of an intervention on health and health behaviours
impact evaluation and outcome evaluation
52
this type of evaluation assesses the longer term effects of the intervention
outcome evaluation
53
this type of evaluation looks at things like changes in risk factors, morbidity, equity, quality of life
outcome evaluation
54
reduced prevalence of obesity, or reduced mortality, are examples of
outcome evaluations
55
evidence from ____ evaluations should help inform future funding and commissing decisions, and may contribute to the evidence base used for the introduction of specific health policies
outcome evaluations
56
incorporating simple cost analyses/economic evaluations is particularly useful for:
outcome evaluations
57
why should we evaluate public health interventions and programs?
1. it gives evidence to influence future practice and policy
2. it informs decisions to continue intervention programs
3. it helps recommend service improvements that can be implemented during the intervention
4. it will increase an interventions effectiveness
5. it will guide future work
6. it will plan and inform policy
7. to compare investment costs
58
the story of eatright ontario is an example of:
a situation where it was defunded because it wasnt porperly evaluated
59
this type of intervention asks the question "what changes have occurred as a result of the program, which would be expected to influence program-relevant health outcomes?
impact evaluation
60
this type of evaluation looks at changes in attitudes, beliefs, behaviours
impact evaluation
61
this type of evaluation is based on scale and timelines of the anticipated program
outcome evaluation
62
what are typical non-RCT design options?
1. post intervention study
2. paired pre- and post- intervention study
63
what ethical principles do we need to observe to evaluate a program ethically?
1. informed consent
2. right to withdraw
3. do no harm
4. confidentiality and anonymity
5. no conflicts of interest
6. dissemination of findings
64
ethnic populations are at higher risk of developing deit-related chronic disease
65
______ is the ability to provide a high quality care to clients with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviours
cultural competency
66
what are the 3 compoents of cultural competency?
1. do i manage my own prejudice?
2. am i communicating respectfully across cultures
3. do i understand a client's group culture by asking open questions?
67
what are the 6 steps to planning a health promotion program?
1. manage the planning process
2. conduct a situational assessment
3. set goals, audiences, and outcome objectives
4. choose strategies and activities and assign resources
5. develop indicators
6. review the plan
68
if we want to plan a nutrition program, what are the 7 steps to the program planning cycle?
1. identify key nutrition-related problem
2. set goal
3. define objective for the goal
4. create quantitative target
5. develop program
6. implement program
7. evaluate program
69
narrowing down the target audience is part of this step in the program planning cycle:
step 1: identify key nutrition related problem
70
What is the CCDSS?
Canadian chronic disease surveillance system
Can help give more info on pervasive health issues in the region, which is important for step 1 of the program planning cycle (identify key nutrition-related problem)
71
in the program planning cycle, what is the difference between objectives and goals?
objectives =more specific, may influence goals
Goal = more F&V
Objective = more specific
72
in the program planning cycle, you need to develop specific targets for each _____
objective
73
What does SWOT analysis stand for? when is it used in the program planning cycle?
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
We consider it during the development and implementation phase of programs
74
During the development and implementation phase of programs, what are 2 things we do:
1. use SWOT analysis
2. assess risks and benefits
75
What are some reasons that we evaluate public health nutrition programs?
1. for funding agencies
2. to influence decisions
76
if you want to make the case for your public health program, what are 4 things you should do?
1. describe the intended program
2. document what was implemented
3. describe participant characteristics
4. demonstrate the impact of the program
77
What are 7 health implications related to being overweight?
1. high bp
2. heart disease
3. type 2 diabetes
4. stroke
5. osteoarthritis
6. co-morbidities (ex: sleep apnea)
7. cancers
78
what are 5 health implications related to being under weight?
1. infertility
2. low immune system
3. low muscle mass
4. osteoporosis
5. hair loss
79
what are 5 health implications related to being under weight and overweight?
1. gallbladder disease
2. hormonal imbalances
3. weight cycling
4. depression/mental health issues
5. eating disorders
80
what are 3 characteristics of an obesogenic environment?
1. Saturated fats, sugar sweetened foods/drinks are available
2. less opportunity for physical activity due to social and physical barriers
3. increased mechanization (so more sedentary)
81
according to public health, obesity is defined by these 2 anthropometric measures:
1. BMI (>30)
2. waist circumference (>94-102, or >80-88)
82
____ is the ability to provide high quality care to clients with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviours
cultural competency
83
___ involves tailoring delivery to meet clients' social, cultural, and linguistic needs
cultural competency
84
what are the 3 steps to becoming culturally competent?
1. acquiring cultural knowledge (learning about other world views)
2. gaining cultural awareness (aware of biases and prejudices)
3. gaining cultural sensitivity (an awareness of my own cultural beliefs, assumptions, etc)
85
what is the cycle of program planning and evaluation in public health nutrition?
1. define the problem
2. set goals / objectives
3. create strategies
4. create learner activities
5. create learner assessment
6. do program evaluation
7. do program revision
86
In canada, fortification is regulated by ___
the food and drug regulations
87
why shouldnt you fortify foods with calcium?
it has a low UL
88
What is the Nourishing framework?
- goal: to promote healthy environments
- Looks at: obesity in the context of public health
89
what are the 3 major elements to consider when creating healthy environments alongside the Nourshing framework?
1. food environment
2. food systems
3. behaviour change communication
90
what are the different aspects of the nourishing framework to promote healthy environments?
1. food environment
- nutrition labels
- offer healthy foods
-use economic tools
- restrict food advertising
- improve nutritional quality
2. food systems
- harness food supply chain
3. behaviour change communication
- inform people
- nutrition advice
- give nutrition education
91
_____ brings together 10 areas where governments need to take action to promote healthier diets and reduce obesity
the nourishing framework
92
____ are man-made infrastructures consisting of buildings, parks, etc. they provide a setting for human activity
built environments
93
_______ refers to a societal environment which
1. encourages intake of high-energy foods and drinks
2. sedentary behaviours (decreased physical activity + increased screen time)
obesogenic environment
94
what are the 2 components of obesogenic environments?
1. hgih energy foods
2. sedentary (lots of screen time, decreased physical activity
95
do parents recognize unhealthy weight in their children?
no
96
how is childhood overweight and obesity diagnosed?
calculate BMI and plot it on BMI chart
97
prevention of childhood obesity requires interventions targeting changes in:
1. social norms
2. behaviours
at the personal, community, and national levels
98
according the the model of community nutrition environments, what are the 4 environmental variables for obesity?
1. community nutrition environment (type and location of food outlets)
2. organizational nutrition environment (home, school, work)
3. consumer nutrition environment (the 4 Ps, available healthy options)
4. information environment ( media, ads)
99
what is the food environment policy index?
It was a tool developed by INFORMAS to examine the state of food environment policy in Canada compared to internationally established good practices in critical policy domains, using a 6 step process.
It looks at Canada, what is everyone else doing, and what does Canada need to do.
It created priority actions at PROVINCIAL and FEDERAL government of what they can do better.
100
what is the 6 step process in the Food Environment Policy Index (to examine the food environment policy in Canada compared to internationally established food practices?
1. comprehensively identify food environment policies in Canada
2. verify this info with government stakeholders and assemble an expert panel
3. conduct online surveys to rate provincial and territorial policies compared to international benchmarks of current best practices
4. conduct full-day workshops to rate federal policies compared to international good practices and identify policy and infrastructure
5. refine policy and infrastructure support actions
6. prioritize actions to identify the most important and achievable actions for Canada
101
Who has the highest risk of developing health problems?
obese class 30, BMI 40> = extremely high risk
102
What is the risk of developing health problems, depending on BMI:
<18.5 = underweight = increased risk
18.5 - 24.99 = normal weight = least risk
25-29.99 = overweight = increased risk
30-34.99 = obese class 1 = high risk
35-39.99 = obese class 2 = very high
40> = obese class 3 = extremely high risk
103
Obesity increases risk for the following 8 items:
1. CVD
2. type 2 diabetes
3. cancer
4. pulmonary disease
5. GI disorders
6. hepatic disorders
7. musculoskeletal disorders
8. reproductive disorders
104
the risk of adverse health effects associated with obesity varies with:
1. age
2. sex
3. race
4. ethnicity
5. SES
105
What is the issue with current public health messaging on obesity?
1. it is too focused on physical appearance
2. it is too simplistic
3. lacks realistic solutions
4. conveys risk without stigma
106
there are many issues with the current public health msging on obesity. What are 2 areas it should work on addressing:
1. it should recognize the complexity of obesity
2. it should focus on encouraging health behaviours for everyone of all sizes
107
What are some examples of health promotion strategies to support healthy weights, according to the report?
1. individual skill development
2. small group development
3. supportive environments for health
4. community capacity building
5. mass information
6. coalition building and advocacy
7. healthy public policy
108
____ % of people who carry extra weight are metabolically healthy
20-30%
109
what is the obesity paradox?
the fact that some people who are overweight are actually metabolically healthier
110
What is the shadow epidemic
it is an epidemic around weight bias! it is related to the obesity epidemic
111
_____ % of overweight people report weight bias and stigma
50-70%
112
what are the best ways to prevent childhood obesity?
1. targets changes to social norms
2. target behavioural changes
national, community, and personal level
113
what are some community interventions to address childhood obesity?
1. ANGELO framework
2. EPODE model
3. conceptual framework to identify obesogenic elements of environmental settings
114
What does the ANGELO framework stand for?
analysis grid for environments linked to obesity
115
What is the ANGELO framework?
- it is a community intervention to address childhood obesity
- it stands for "analysis grid for environments linked to obesity"
- it is a tool developed to help communities analyze the environmental influences affecting their physical activity and eating patterns
- it looks at macro-environment sectors
- it is a 4 stage process. it looks at: 1) sociocultural analyses 2) stakeholder engagement 3) workshops 4) action planning
116
what does the EPODE model stand for (community intervention to address childhood obesity)?
Together
Let's
Prevent
Childhood
Obesity
117
what is the epode model?
- a community intervention to address childhood obesity
- stands for "together lets prevent childhood obesity"
- it says that there are positive changes in population weight when whole communities are involved and take responsibility
- it takes a multi-stakeholder approach
118
which community intervention for childhood obesity model says that there are positive changes in population weight when whole communities are involved and take responsibility
the EPODE model (together lets prevent childhood obesity)
119
what are 6 promosing areas for policy decisions and strategies relating to childhood obesity?
1. school curriculum to include healthy eating, body image
2. increase PA in school
3. improve nutritional quality in schools
4. change environental and cultural practices
5. support school teachers to implement health promotion
6. parental support including home activities that encourage kids to be more active
120
who should be involved in addressing obesity in kids (8)
1. health sector
2. government
3. food and rec industries
4. workplaces
5. schools
6. parents / caregivers
7. communities
8. individuals
121
interventions are more likely to be effective if (12)
1. they target physical activity AND healthy eating
2. involve parents
3. culturally sensitive
4. effective straff training
5. use participatory activities
6. were done in collaboration with community programs
7. include body image awareness
8. modify school food environments to improve food quality
9. are universal - dont select child based on weight or risk factor
10. are delivered by teachers with the support of specialists
11. are longer in duration, not short term
12. were integrated into the school curriculum
122
according to Glanz et al, the food environment incorporates 4 different elements:
1. community (type and location of food outlet)
2. consumer (availability of healthy options, price, promotion, and nutritional info)
3. organizational (home, school, work)
4. informational (media and advertising)
123
according to the FOOD epi study which compared canada to international countries, in terms of food environment policies, 5 areas canada was doign well in were:
1. comprehensive food labels on foods
2. reducing GST for basic, healthy groceries
3. strong leadership for healthy food environments
4. policies to ensure transparency
5. monitoring NCD prevalence
124
according to the FOOD epi study which compared canada to international countries, in terms of food environment policies, 5 areas canada was NOT doing well in were:
1. food labelling for menus
2. taxes for sugary foods
3. provide healthy foods through government funding
4. healthy food policies in retail stores
5. health in all policies appraoch
125
What was the key message from the technical report on measuring obesity?
we need to reinforce HEALTHY EATING and PHYSICAL ACTIVITY to promote metabolic health, regardless of weight, size, shape
126
what 3 questions did the technical report on measuring obesity ask?
1. what is weight bias and stigma? what is the relationship between promoting healthy weight, weight bias, stigma, and discrimination and mental health?
2. what is the relationship between obesity, mental health, and social determinants of health (across the lifespan)?
3. what practices are conducive to promoting healthy weight and mental health?
127
what was the purpose of the technical report on measuring obesity?
it looked at the current paradigms of thought to address obesity and stigma
128
what are the 2 areas that the technical report on measuring obesity looked at?
1. weight focused vs. well being focused
2. individual level vs. population level
129
What were the 4 paradigms outlined by the technical report on addressing obesity?
1. weight focused - individual level-> focus on individual behaviour change, with the goal to lose weight
2. weight focused - population level --> focused on the obesity epidemic, and creating non-obesogenic environments - goal is to reduce prevalence of obesity
3. well being focused - individual level - focused on person to things to optimize mental and physical well being. want to achieve the best weight while living healthy life. goal is to achieve best weight while living healthiest lifestyle.
4. well being focused - population level - focusd on creating environemtns that promote positive mental health. goal is to promote flourishing.
130
What are some health promotion strategies to support heathy weight (examples from the technical report on measuring obesity)
1. individual skill development
2. small group development
3. supportive environment for health
4. community capacity building and strengthening community action for heath
5. mass info / social marketing
6. coalition building and advocacy
7. healthy public policy
131
What are the 7 psychological consequences of weight shaming, and the 4 physical consequences of weight shaming?
7 psychological consequences:
1. depression
2. anxiety
3. low self esteem
4. loneliness
5. body dissatisfaction
6. poor body image
7. suicidal thoughts
4 physical consequences:
1. eating behaviour
2. physical activity
3. cardiovascular outcomes
4. avoiding medical care
132
What are 3 downsides to cultural competence, which can create further challenges to institutionalizing it?
1. cosmetic movements
2. lack of inclusivity
3. unintentional prejudice
133
Change is required at these levels to build culturally competent nutritionists
1. individual level
2. institutional level
134
_______ is a group of strategies that challenge the approach to nutrition education and dietary interventions
cultural competencies
135
to be culturally competent dietitians should be able to:
1. recognize cultural diversity
2. understand the role that culture plays
3. understand the SES and political factors that impact the development of culturally diverse groups
4. help clients understand their own sociocultural identity
5. be advocates for communities
6. empower communities
136
what are 3 important aspects of program planning?
1. it needs to be evidence based
2. it is a continuous process
3. it attempts to address a nutrition related issue that is relevant to the population
137
What is public health, accordng to week 7?
- inteventions aimed to promote protect peoples health
- involves a particular end and an action directed towards that end
138
Most things around ethics and public health have focused on:
protecting individuals (not protecting populations)
139
Ethics is:
- about making judgments of what is right and wrong
- strongly based on value systems of individuals and canadians
140
Ethical reflection is needed across which stages?
all stages
141
A public health program follows best practices if it does/ is 3 things:
1. if it has statistically significant results for at least some of the program goals
2. if it is one that can be implemented in many popultions or settings
3. if it is one that practitioners can rely on as tried and true
Canadian Best practices portal is a great resource!
142
_____ shows one of the greatest protective effects against CVD
dietary fibre
143
the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have increased by ____ since 2009 in Canada
42%
144
___ % of Canadians with diabetes are of working age
50%
145
according to the CIHI report, what is canada's prevalence of diabetes compared to other countries?
it is lower than new zealand, but higher than other countries.
It is 9.41, compared to 6.66 for other countries
146
according to the CIHI report, what is canada's performance on diabetes risk factors of obesity, diet, and physical activity, relative to other countries, and relative to public health guidelines
relative to other countries, it is below averageit is below average on everything related to obesity, diet, and physical activity compared to other countries and public health guidelines. EXCEPT it is average on physical activity compared to other countries
147
How many litres of soft drinks are drunk per year in france?
45 L/per person per year (compared to 101).
so general issue with diabetes in canada compared to other countries - low F&V intake, high sugar intake
148
what are some key findings from the colaguiri study
1. complications are the main source of all types of diabetes costs
2. diabetes prevention is cost effective, especially for extremely obese people and women with gestational diabetes
3. prediabetes might be a good window of opportunity for intervention
149
what lifestyle intervention was used to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in at risk populations?
the diabetes prevention program
150
what were the 3 strategies of the lifestyle prevention program to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in at risk populations, called diabetes prevention program (DPP)?
1. individual education
2. health communication
3. screening
151
What type of data do outcome evaluations use?
1. existing data sources like local public health data
2. locally commissioned surveys
152
this type of evaluation looks at if the program was implemented as planned
process evaluation
153
this type of evaluation asks what changes have occurred as a result of a program which would be expected
impact evaluation
154
this type of evaluation compares baseline data collected at the start of the program to data collected at several points during service delivery
impact evaluation
155
What types of disparities have african communities experienced?
1. employment level
2. income level
3. social support
4. other socio-ecological influences
156
what are the biggest factors affecting food insecurity among african canadians?
1. racial discrimination
2. lower education
3. reliance on social assistance
4. immigrant status
5. single motherhood
157
According to the scoping review about food security in african canadian communities, what is food security?
- it is the unrestricted physical and financial access to nutritious foods that meet individuals' needs and food preferences
- should be culturally appropriate
- it should sustain an active and healthy lifestlye
158
What are 2 strategies that ITK proposes for supporting food security in the inuit population ?
1. integrating inuit driven solutions
2. creating a sustainable food system
159
what is the INFSS?
"Inuit Nunangat Food Security Strategy"
- outlines the stategy proposed by the ITK to address food security among the inuit population
- it includes 33 recommendations for addressing food security
- has 5 priority areas:
1. research and advocacy
2. food system and wellbeing
3. legislation and policy
4. programs and services
5. knowledge and skills
160
what are the 5 priority areas in the INFSS, to address inuit food secuirty?
1. research and advocacy
2. food systems and wellbeing
3. legislation and policy
4. programs and services
5. knowledge and skills
161
what % of inuit 15+ experience food insecurity?
75%
162
What is Ontario Bill 216?
Food literacy for students act
163
what is the Food literacy for students act (ontario bill 216)?
mandates food literacy education in every grade in ontario schools
was supported by the food policy council for kingston
goal: to create a secure and sustanable food system
164
with regards to the presentation on the food literacy students act, a study by UWO showed that:
a lack of food literacy is a limiting factor to the success of dietary interventions
165
a report written by the national food strategy look at the potential effect of:
a SUGAR and SALT reformulation tax in the UK
166
what is the cost of obesity in the UK
18 billion dillars
167
Junk food contributes to _____ DALYs (disability adjusted life years) per year
1.4 million
168
what is the main reason why people in the UK eat so much sugar and salt?
hidden additives in seemingly healthy foods like yogurt and pasta
169
what was the primary purpose for the UK's sugar and salt reformulation tax?
to incentivize manufacturers to reformulate their foods to have less sugar and salt to keepcosts down instead of raising prices
170
what did the national food strategy in 2021 predict the outcome owuld be of the sugar and salt tax
- reduce daily sugar by 4-10g
- 5 lb weight loss per year
- produce 2.9-3.4 billion annual revenue
171
how many countries have proposed a beverage sugar tax
85
172
the article about SSB in the netherlands looked at 4 things:
1. the economic impact of SSB taxation on the health sectory and on the food indsutry
2. the impact of taxation on consumer demand
3. the need for reformulation on industry supplies
4. the appropriateness of having an SSB intervention
173
what was the reaction the the proposed ssb tax in the netherlands
ministeries = wwe should only do tax if its integrated with other interventions
health sector = encoruage it
overall there was contradictory views among stakeholders
174
What type of policy is the SSB tax
a financial disincentive policy
175
what was the mission of Mukis market with healthy foods
to fortify neighbourhoods through accessible, nutritious food choices and to create lasting positive impacts on community well being
176
how do we evaluate goals and objectives of PHN programs?
PUCI!
provision
utilization
coverage
impact
177
how do we evaluate strengths and weaknesses of PHN programs?
APP!
adequacy
plausability
probability
178
how can PHN programs be improved?
CEPT!
Costs
Efficacy
Practicality
Timing and timeliness
179
