Midterm 2 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
In Ritvo’s/CAMH study, inclusions involved:
Age range:
BDI-II score:
Language fluency in:
Confirmation of psychiatric disorder of MDD done through process of:
A
18-30 years (youth)
BDI-II of at least mild severity (equal or above 14); no upper limit
English
Mini interview
2
Q
Trial exclusion criteria for online mental health study by Ritvo involved:
Individuals currently receiving: _________
Meeting ______ criteria for _________ in the past ___ months
Clinically significant _______ defined as imminent intent, or attempted suicide in the last ______ months
Comorbid diagnosis: 5 items
A
Weekly structured psychotherapy
DSM-V criteria for severe alcohol/substance use disorder in the past 3 months
Clinically significant suicide ideation, attempted in last 6 months
BPD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD
3
Q
An issue with the BDI-II is that it’s ______-ogenic
A
Depressogenic
4
Q
What are some aspects of BDI-II’s curriculum?
A
Sadness, pessimism, past failure, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, punishment feelings, negativity & self negativity, agitation, de-vitalization, changes in sleep/diet, tiredness
5
Q
What are the similarities and difference in treatment between control and experimental group in Ritvo’s study on online mental health?
A
Patients in both groups received standard psychiatric care available at CAMH.
Experimental subjects additionally received the online CBT-MM intervention.
6
Q
What is the difference between intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses?
A
In ITT, all subjects are assessed (including drop-outs) whereas with PP only subjects who receive adequate proportions of intervention are assessed (i.e., takes into account only those who make it through the whole study)
7
Q
What was the effect size in the within group findings (Cohen’s d) from Ritvo’s study on depression/online mental health?
A
d = 1.90, i.e., very large
8
Q
What was the scale for anxiety used in Ritvo’s study on online mental health?
What was the effect size in the within group findings for anxiety from Ritvo’s study on online mental health?
A
Beck Anxiety Inventory
ES: Cohen’s d = 1.55; very large
9
Q
Which other 2 scales were used in Ritvo’s online mental health study (other than ones mentioned first for depression and anxiety), and what were each of their effect sizes?
A
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; d = 1.60
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; d = 1.38
10
Q
What percent symptom reductions were found in Ritvo/CAMH (2019)’s study?
A
53.4%
11
Q
What differentiated CAMH online mental health study from Thase et al., 2018?
A
Dealt with a medicated population (per standard care CAMH) and 54.5% of patients were put on E-CBT for 24 sessions, whereas the other study had 7 sessions of E-CBT for 43% of the patients
12
Q
What was unique about Ritvo/CAMH’s trial?
A
Diagnosed MDD, combined standard psychiatry with e-CBT, no reduction/withdrawal from drugs, significant remission %, all patients diagnosed by CAMH psychiatrists with confirmation from mini interview, blinded HDRS assessments, and no limit on depression severity
13
Q
Ritvo/CAMH study:
N = _____ subjects in severe depression at baseline
N = _____ subjects in remission at follow up
% reduction was ____%, but overall mean reduction of ____% at follow up
A
N = 10; N = 5, 66%, 37.2%
14
Q
Ritvo/CAMH study:
N = ___ subjects in moderate depression at baseline
N = ___ subjects in remission at follow up
Mean reduction of ___%, but overall mean reduction of ___%
A
N = 6, N =5, 72%, 61%
15
Q
Ritvo/CAMH study:
N = __ subjects in mild depression at baseline
N = __ subjects in remission at follow up
Mean reduction of ____%, overall reduction of ___%
A
N = 3, N = 2, 66.6%, 47.3%
16
Q
Ritvo/CAMH study:
N = ___ non responders defined by:
1)
2)
Reasons:
A
N = 6, defined by:
1) not remitted
2) <40% symptom reduction
Reasons: unmotivated, non-adherent, and social withdrawal
17
Q
Wait list control subjects in Ritvo/CAMH study:
N = ____
N = ____ with completed measures
N = ____ dropped out after baseline (before 3 months)
N = ____ dropped out (after 3 months)
___% retention, ____% dropout
A
23 consented
9 with completed measures
9 dropped out after baseline
5 dropped out
39% retention, 61% dropout
18
Q
What was the retention rate for intervention group in Ritvo/CAMH study?
A
91%, N = 20 with completed measures
19
Q
True/false; in Ritvo/CAMH study, it’s likely that the control group had a high dropout rate because the subjects had an early response to effective treatment
A
False; 5 completed 3 month measures, and 2 were in remission but 3 were not in remission
20
Q
What % of intervention group completers in Ritvo/CAMH study at 6 months?
A
60% (12/20 participants)
21
Q
What are the mean BDI-II scores in Ritvo/CAMH study at baseline and follow up in intervention and control groups?
A
intervention :
29.2 BDI baseline
13.6 BDI follow up
53% mean reduction
control:
26.8 BDI baseline
19.7 BDI follow up
26% mean reduction
22
Q
Aside from BDI-II, BAI, QIDS & HDRS, what 2 other scales were used in CAMH/Ritvo study?
Which study found a non-significant p-value?
A
BPI = Brief Pain Inventory
FFMQ: 5-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
HDRS had a non-significant p-value of 0.09
23
Q
What was used in the online intervention against each of the BDI items in CAMH study?
A
web browser, video, and text content
24
Q
What consisted of the 5-way multi-modal approach in CAMH/Ritvo study?
A
CBT workbooks
Steps exercise - fitbit monitoring
Mindfulness - relaxation practices (videos)
Text messages
Therapeutic alliance (sincere effort to help those who are down, i.e., generosity)
25
How many steps were found to help with depression in CAMH/Ritvo study?
>5000 steps/day
26
Data indicates that service-provision is reduced for ______ and those who are _____ from the _______ core
ethnically diverse; distant from the downtown core
27
What is the 'triple win'? (Ritvo & diabetes)
Improved health and prevention of chronic disease and prevention of worsening disease
Reduced cost
Improved economy
28
What is a digital divide?
Access to computer, smartphone, and internet technology is centered on urban geography and higher SES vs. rural areas and lower
Digital access is divided by ethnicity, language, and race
29
At range of CDA score of >8.5, what health afflictions become more likely?
Eye, kidney diseases and nerve damage
30
What is the link between stress and increasing CDA scores?
As you're more stressed, you're more indiscriminate about food and exercise, increasing CDA score and accentuating disease as a result
31
What are the benefits of exercise in relation to coronary heart disease and Type II diabetes?
20-30% reduction of CHD in men, 10-20% reduction in women
Decreases HbA1c in individuals with Type IID
Decreases/delays incidence of Type IID
32
What percentage of Canadians meet recommended physical activity guidelines?
18%
33
What are the similarities and differences between study designs for full intervention vs. enhanced usual care groups in Ritvo's diabetes study?
Similarities: both have web/text support and exercise program
Differences: Full intervention group has unlimited access and number of contacts to health coaches, and access to smartphone and HealthCoach software
Whereas enhanced usual care group has access to health coach on site and just 1 phone contact/week, and no access to smartphone or HealthCoach software
34
What were the results in HbA1c levels between the groups in Ritvo diabetes study?
Both groups had reduced HbA1c but online intervention group's impacts happened more within 3 months, whereas control group took 6 months for a significant effect; very important implications for health costs and triple win
35
What was the primary outcome collected at 0, 3, 6 months in Ritvo's diabetes study?
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)
36
What were the secondary outcomes collected at baseline and 6 months in Ritvo's diabetes study?
Cholesterol, BMI, waist circumference;
Profile of Mood States, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scales, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
37
What were the Black Creek Pilot outcomes for the 12 participants with baseline HbA1c > or = 7.0%?
Baseline = 8.26%
Follow up = 7.83%
38
True/false; Black Creek outcomes for the 8 participants with baseline HbA1C < 7.0% had no significant change from baseline to follow up
True; baseline = 6.43% & follow up = 6.41%, indicating they might be less motivated
39
What are the advantages of using the Type II diabetes patients targeted in Black Creek Community Health Centre for the study?
Multi-ethnic, modest-SES patients, many of which were introduced to smartphone connectivity for the first time
Participation was also supported by multi-modal, face-to-face programming (e.g., exercise room, exercise training videos, volunteer trainers)
40
What happened to a model participant's Diamicron prescription when their HbA1c when from 8.5 to 7.0%
What does Diamicron do?
Physion decreased daily dose of Diamicron from 60mg to 30mg in response to lower glucose levels
Diamicron lowers blood glucose by increasing the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas
41
What is the difference between a pragmatic and explanatory trial?
Pragmatic = purposely inclusive, belief that treatment is beneficial to everyone
Explanatory = purposely limited, to find who responds to treatment
42
In Quinn's Diabetes study, what was the study design? What were the requirements for eligible physicians?
Cluster-randomized RCT conducted in primary care practices in 4 distinct sectors of Maryland
Eligible practices were groups of 3 or more physicians without academic affiliation who provided diabetes care to more than 10% of their patients and were identified from a generic list of primary care practices in study sectors
43
What were the inclusions for Black Creek study?
Type II diabetes dx with hemoglobin A1c > or = 7.3
Pragmatic trial, therefore no exclusions for SES or psychiatric status
Age < 70 y/o
All subjects recruited from Black Creek Community Health Centre and North York Family Health Team
44
What was the mean total contact between subjects and health coaches in Black Creek study (via secure messaging, phone, and/or in-person meetings)?
38 min/week
45
What were the mental health effects found in Black Creek study?
General mental health effect but significant with negative affect scale/DS: anxiety subscale
46
What are the 5 ways in which technology impacts us?
-values
-tactile to visual balance
-internal vs. external processing (introversion -- extraversion)
-tribalization vs. peaceful divergence (democracy)
-sensation seeking vs. conscientiousness
47
Competitions between technologies lead to _____ & ______
Conflicts and warfare
48
What are the 4 aspects of the sensation seeking scale?
-Disinhibition
-Boredom Susceptibility
-Thrill & danger seeking
-Experience seeking
49
What are the 4 tendencies of conscientiousness?
Industrious, norm adhering, planful, thoughtful inhibiting of impulses (neuro inhibition = fine-tuning)
50
What are the Big Five personality traits most consistently associated with positive health and longevity?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, low neuroticism
51
What does walking (steps taken) or sedentariness predict?
Behavioural activation in relation to stress;
If a person is resilient under stress, walking persists; if a person gets depressed, walking ceases, or reduces
52
What is #1 in hierarchy of evidence?
Systematic reviews & meta-analyses
53
What were the results of the wearable technology study?
Statistically significant increases in PA steps/day found for intervention conditions; concluded that wearable devices positively impact physical health in clinical populations with cardiometabolic diseases
54
What was the inclusion criteria in the wearable tech study?
English language, peer-reviewed RCTs assessing effectiveness of wearable device intervention on PA levels in adults, with subjects who were clinically diagnosed by a health-care professional or who met self-reported criteria for cardiometabolic chronic disease (CVD, diabetes, obesity, etc.)
Not limited by gender, ethnicity, country, length or type of chronic condition; nor level or type of healthcare service delivery
55
Interventions in wearable tech study used a non-invasive ______ that monitored _________
______ that administered _____ were excluded given the difficulties of comparisons with noninvasive devices
health-sensing wearable devices (e.g., Fitbit) that monitored PA behaviour change outcome (e.g., steps/day) for the entire intervention
Invasive devices that administered medications (e.g., artificial pancreas) were excluded
56
Which bias domain is sourced from random sequence generation & allocation concealment?
Selection bias
57
Which bias domain is sourced from blinding of participants and personnel?
Performance bias
58
Blinding of outcome assessment falls within which bias domain?
Detection bias
59
Which bias domain is sourced from incomplete outcome data?
Attrition bias
60
What is the source of reporting bias?
Selective reporting
61
What are sensitivity analyses? Why do we conduct them?
When you take a smaller group of studies and compare pool mean studies of this group to overall studies.
They are to account for the high degree of interstudy variability.
62
What did limiting results to studies with low to moderate risk of bias result in, in the wearable tech study?
Reduction of overall steps/day by a mean of 500 steps, but also increased weekly minutes of MVPA by 12 min/week in favour of intervention groups
63
What does the I^2 statistic describe?
The % of variation across studies due to heterogeneity rather than chance; a simple expression of the inconsistency of studies' results
Heterogeneity is a problem, since it provides "noise" around a signal
64
What does it mean when I^2 = 100%
Very little heterogeneity
65
According to Marshall et al., moderate-intensity walking equates to _____ steps/min or _____ steps/10 min
100 steps/min or 1000 steps/10 min
66
In the wearable tech study, the RCTs with the greatest increases in steps/day included which patients?
CVD or diabetes patients, with all 5 studies reporting intervention participants reached the recommended 10,000 steps/day
67
Which 3 clinics were involved in the Kenyan text RCT, and who were the subjects?
1 clinic was in a poor area of Nairobi, the 2nd in a higher SES Nairobi area/hospital, and the 3rd from a rural area 50 miles from Nairobi
The subjects were HIV-infected adults starting antiretroviral therapy in these 3 clinics
68
What was the study design of the Kenyan text study?
N = 538 HIV-infected, antiretroviral-naive adults starting therapy in an RCT
Weekly short message service (SMS) cell phone intervention compared to standard care at 3 HIV clinics
Patients assessed at 6 & 12 months after antiretroviral initiation
69
What were the two primary outcomes of the Kenyan text study?
1) self reported 'perfect' antiretroviral adherence (>95% of doses by 30 day recall at both visits)
2) plasma HIV-1 viral RNA load suppression (<400 copies/ml) at 12 months
70
What were the inclusions-exclusions for the Kenyan text study?
>18 y/o; initiating antiretroviral therapy for the first time; sufficient access to mobile phone & ability to communicate via text-message
if shared access agreed on by phone owner; participants used cell services, and phone & network credit not provided
71
Was the Kenyan text study intention-to-treat or per-protocol? How as missing data (loss-to-follow-up & death) analyzed?
Intention-to-treat; missing data was analyzed as adherence failure
72
In the Kenyan text study...
12 month retention rates of intervention vs. controls =
Perfect reported adherence of the groups =
ITT analysis of viral load at 12 months =
12 month retention = SMS (80.6%) & control (77%)
Reported adherence = SMS (63%) & control (53%)
ITT analysis = SMS (57% adherence) & control (48%)
73
3 site-nurses sent text inquiries to intervention subjects weekly in the Kenyan text study to:
1)
2)
1) inquire about status
2) remind of available support
74
Why were the interventions in the Kenyan text study effective in trial but difficult to implement? Why did the messages have to be very simple?
1) the 3 site-nurses were 'heroines'; they took calls outside of business hours, attentive to people in distress, reassured patients medicines were legitimate, and reminded patients that disease was lethal
2) intense HIV stigmatization & secrecy about infection; if infectious status was revealed, could result in personal and work life being upturned; therefore simplicity of messaging prevented suspicion if messages were intercepted
75
Working people with T2DM report forgetting to take their medicine ___% of the time, or take their medicine late ___% of the time
Disruptions in daily routines _____ impact adherence, and more instances like these happen during the _______
forgetting to take 30% of the time, take their medicine late 50% of the time
Disruptions in daily routines negatively impact adherence, and more instances like these happen during the weekends/holidays
76
What can be done about medication non-adherence?
1)
2)
1) efficient and small medication dispenser at home 'times' dose & dispenses it, with facial recognition software that ensures patient is operating device and preparing for adherent intake
2) utilize consolidated confrontation with medication intake to deliver CBT focuses on non-medication healing & decisions to ingest or not; combined CBT with physician coordination to limit dosage when possible
77
Why is low medication adherence particularly problematic in developing countries?
Because there are multiple barriers to treatment effectiveness (e.g., cultural obstacles, modest resources)
78
What is the rationale of analyzing text message effectiveness in developing countries in relation to medication adherence?
Text-message based disease management programs can be cost effective, promote healthy habits and disease management; but we need to examine its effectiveness in developing countries
79
What did the meta-analysis by Thakkar et al. (2016) indicate?
Text message interventions indicated a doubling of medication adherence
80
What are 4 health research cautions in developing countries & text message interventions?
1) less rigour
2) more heterogeneity
3) incomplete results
4) less responses to requests for additional data
81
What is the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis on text message interventions in developing countries?
1)
2)
3)
1) English language peer-reviewed RCTs of text-message based interventions on medication adherence
2) adults over 18 y/o with chronic non-communicable diseases residing in developing countries defined by World Bank
3) any method of medication adherence evaluation
82
What is the exclusion criteria for meta-analysis of text message interventions in developing countries?
1)
2)
1) mobile health (mHealth) apps
2) studies that did not evaluate medication adherence
83
From what time period did the meta analysis on text messages & medication adherence take into account?
January 2000 - December 2021
84
What was the problem with Pour et al.'s study on hypertension in relation to text message effectiveness & medication adherence?
Medication adherence was reported as part of treatment adherence
85
Which bias risks were most substantial in the meta analysis of literature about medication adherence in developing countries?
Attrition bias (27% high risk) due to missing outcome data
Selection bias (27% high risk) due to allocation
86
Sample characteristics in meta analysis of medication adherence:
China: n = ___
_____: n = 3
India: n = ___
Other: n= 5 (________)
China: n = 4
Iran: n = 3
India: n = 3
Other: n = 5 (Bangladesh, South Africa, Jordan, Malaysia, Egypt)
87
Medical conditions found in subjects in medical adherence study:
Type 2 diabetes, n = 4
_______, n = 4
7 others = ?
Hypertension, n = 4
7 others = stroke, CVD, asthma, allergic rhinitis, epilepsy, chronic kidney disease)
88
Text message delivery characteristics:
education/reminder messages n = ?
______ n = 5
reminder messages only n = ?
unspecified n = 1
directionality
unidirectional n = 9 (_____-to-______)
interactive n = ?
education/reminder messages n = 7
education messages only n = 5
reminder messages only n = 2
unidirectional n = 9 (health worker-to-participant)
interactive n = 4
89
Text message frequency in medication adherence meta analysis:
Daily:
Weekly:
Within the first 20 days, followed by weekly reminders:
Messages customized to prescriptions + 2x's weekly educational texts:
Every 4 days:
Unspecified:
7, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1
90
What was medication adherence assessment in terms of direct measurement?
Pill count; number of pills consumed in relation to number of pills prescribed
91
What was medication adherence assessment in terms of questionnaires?
Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS), End-Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire (ESRDAQ), Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale, Treatment Adherence Questionnaire for Patients with Hypertension, and unspecified questionnaire
92
What was medication adherence assessment in terms of criteria?
Proportion of patients with medicine coverage on more than or equal to 80% of days, taking medications as prescribed (no self-withdrawal or changes in medication dose), and taking medications for more than 95% of days during study period
93
What was the medication adherence measure for Goruntla study on diabetes?
Number of pills consumed per number of pills prescribed
94
Medcation adherence measure for Zhai study on hypertension?
Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS)
95
Which studies found the most significant between-group differences in medication adherence? (p = <0.01 & 0.001 respectively)
Kamal study on stroke & Arad study on Chronic Kidney Disease
Lua's study on epilepsy & Abaza's study on diabetes
Bobrow's study on hypertension (p = < 0.001)
96
Medical adherence measure for Kamal study on stroke?
MMAS
97
Medication adherence measure for Arad study on Chronic kidney disease?
End-stage renal disease adherence questionnaire (ESRDAQ)
98
Medication adherence measure for Lua's study on epilepsy?
Malay Modified MMAS
99
Medication adherence measure for Abaza's study on diabetes?
MMAS
100
In Bobrow's study, interactive text messages had p = ____ & information-only text messages had p = ____ vs. controls
medical adherence measure = ?
interactive text messages p = 0.002
information-only text messages p < 0.001
medication adherence measure = proportion of patients with medicine coverage on more than 80% of days
101
What are the 8 principles of flow?
Challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merge, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, concentration/focus on task at hand, sense of control, loss of self consciousness, transformation of time, autotelic experience
102
True/false; flow can't be overused but it can be misused and underused
False; flow can also be overused
103
A correlation was found between _____ of ______ and _______ wave oscillations during meditation
between judgment of clarity and gamma wave oscillations
104
List the 5 waves from deep sleep to integrative 'peak' experience
Delta (deep sleep), theta (sleep with some awareness), alpha (relatively relaxed wakefulness), beta (edgy wakefulness), gamma (integrative peak experience)
105
______ is a consistent life factor
Challenge
106
When we face challenges, we inevitably develop ________ and associated expectations about being successful in meeting the challenge, which are _______
challenge expectations, achievement expectations
107
How can flow turn into a slippery slope?
With overuse, there are diminishing returns; we start feeling 'out of balance', and we sacrifice healthy lifestyle for what feels good but is unhealthy
108
What are the 2 predictors of overall flow experience during piano playing?
1) daily amount of practice
2) trait emotional intelligence
109
For heart rate variability across phases for perfectionists and non-perfectionists, meditation doesn't help much for _______, but _______ have a harder time coping with stress without meditation
Perfectionists, non-perfectionists
110
De-identification with 'any specific thought' leads to greater flexibility in _______ and ________, leading to novel _______ and _______
cognitive modification & response, leading to novel cognitive challenges and modifications
111
In Mindfulness and reductions in inflammatory gene expression study, experienced subjects were assessed for the expression of ____, _____, and _______ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
circadian, chromatin modulatory and inflammatory genes in PBMCs
112
What are the effects of mindful attention and compassion meditation on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state?
A significant longitudinal decrease in right amygdala activation to visual images of different 'valences' - an operational definition of becoming calmer
113
Mindfulness training improves _______ capacity and _______ exam performance while reducing ________
working memory capacity, Graduate Record Exam performance, reducing mind wandering
114
Mindfulness Awareness Practices (MAP), compared with Sleep Hygiene Education (SHE), resulted significantly better in 4 outcomes:
insomnia, depression, fatigue interference, and severity
115
High heart rate variability results in _______, whereas low heart rate variable results in _______
health and dynamic responding, autonomic inflexibility and disease
116
What is the neurovisceral integration model?
It links heart rate variability to self-regulation via executive functions, where heart rate measures prefrontal-subcortical connectivity
117
What are the 3 characteristics of meaning in life?
coherence, purpose, mattering
118
people with higher meaning in life can better access the health benefits of _______
social relationships
119
What are the 4 tendencies of being conscientious?
Industrious, norm adhering, planful, thoughtfully inhibiting of impulses
120
_______ is the Big Five personality trait most consistently associated with positive health and longetivity
Conscientiousness
121
_____ influences health via socio-environmental factors, especially education and SES
Conscientiousness
122
There are strong ______ associations between conscientiousness and ______
strong negative associations, mortality
123
Conscientiousness has important associations in models of _______
healthy ageing
124
What was the population in Childhood Conscientiousness and Leukocyte Telomere Length?
Hawaii longitudinal personality and health study began with teacher assessments of childhood personality when the female children were a mean age of 10 y/o
125
True/false; schools in childhood conscientiousness study were not diverse
false; they were geographically dispersed and represented a wide range of SES
126
In Hawaii conscientiousness longitudinal study, there was a sample of ______, and highest _____-rated individuals were compared with the lowest
sample of 323, highest conscientiousness-rated individuals
127
How were leukocyte telomere lengths measured in Hawaii longitudinal study?
Dried blood samples were assayed (analyzed)
128
What were the variables that showed differences reflecting telomere differences in Hawaii longitudinal study?
BMI had a significant association with telomere length
129
Was the relationship between conscientiousness and telomere length significant when controlling for educational attainment, smoking, BMI, or physical inactivity?
No; However, the degree to which the association was reduced was small
130
What are the 4 major categories of the most unhealthy thinking?
Cynical hostility, pessimism, rumination, thought suppression
131
How can we develop conscientiousness? (4 things)
more industriousness, norm adherence, planful, and thoughtfully inhibiting of impulses
132
What is TRA - LA -LA -LA? (CBT mnemonic for resilient thinking)
thought substitution
reframing
attentional investment
lowering anxiety
leveraging attention
learning alliance
133
What is thought substitution?
judging one thought as 'healthier' than another such that active, mindful substitutions are taken
134
what is the difference between reframing and thought substitution?
reframing involves no substituting of 'thought' like thought substitution but changing the 'frame around the thought', e.g., looking for positive sides of a negative event
135
what is leveraging attention?
engaging one's training capacity to train for increased attentional control
136
what is learning alliance?
forming relationships to develop more insightful, effective, and positive thinking
137
in the purpose in life emotional recovery study, what was the measurement?
the magnitude of the eyeblink startle reflex (EBR), sensitive to the emotional state (particularly aversive stimuli and diminished by pleasing stimuli) induced by IAPS (international affective picture system)
138
Quick recovery from negative stimuli vs. delayed recovery observed in ______ and ______
depression and dysphoria
139
what is adaptive regulation?
quicker and more complete emotional recovery
140
greater emotional recovery is associated with _______
higher purpose in life
141
subjects who reported greater purpose in life exhibited ______ EBR magnitudes after picture removal
smaller
142
greater purpose in life motivates one to constructively learn from and appraise negative events adaptively, unlike _______
rumination
