Midterm 2 Flashcards
Why were race horses doped?
Race horses were doped by people who bet on their races in order to slow them down so that the slower horse they had bet on could win. The reason that people bet on the slow horses was that they were less popular and the less people who bet on a horse the more money the people who did bet on the horse could win if the horse won.
Why were adrenaline injections not a good option?
Adrenaline was not ideal for sports because it required injection through IV and because our bodies are designed for adrenaline to work off quickly in order to protect us from overextering and causing serious damage, the effects of adrenaline injections were not very helpful
Why was doping horses problematic for race tracks? What did they do to fix it?
Doping horses was problematic for race tracks because when races were fixed through doping they would lose money so in order to avoid this they came up with tests for doping.
What happened at the St. Louis Marathon?
In August 1904 the St Louis Marathon took place on a dirt road on a hot day where the temperature was 40 degress celsius and the humidity was at 100%. It was already difficult to run in these conditions but at the time there was a misconception that drinking water would lead to cramp and so as an alternative athletes like Thomas Hicks consumed mixtures containing stimulants like strychnine to continue the race.
How were performance enhancing drugs used in ancient history?
Performance-enhancing herbs and potions were used by athletes in Ancient Greece but there are few records of this today because athletes avoided recording their secret tactics so that their opponents wouldn’t find out. A hallucinogen containing alcoholic drink called dop was also used by Zulu warriors and was adopted by the Afrikaan people and later on English soldiers, leading to the English slang term for performance-enhancing drugs that we use today, dop.
How were amphetamines discovered?
Amphetamines were discovered in 1929 by Gordon Alles and were a long lasting artificial version of adrenaline
What were amphetamines originally marketed for? How was this discovered?
Amphetamines were originally marketed as cold medications because they were effective for decongestion. This was discovered by Alles’ tests on himself.
What was the first noted side effect of amphetamines? How was this exploited at the time?
The first known side effect of amphetamines was that they kept you awake and this was exploited by governments fighting in World War 2 for improving soldier endurance.
What did the Allies do when they heard about amphetamine use by enemy soldiers?
When the Allies found out that the Germans were using amphetamines and methamphetamines they began running tests to find something similar and tested caffeine, amphetamine and methamphetamine.
What did the Allies discover while testing to find something similar to the amphetamines that the Germans were using?
The Allies discovered that caffeine, amphetamines and methamphetamines all worked well for wakefulness but that their side effects were different. The side effects of caffeine were shaking and the side effects of amphetamines and methamphetamines causes soldiers to become aggressive and fearless.
What did the Allies do with the information they obtained during their tests?
The Allies began supplying their soldiers with amphetamines along with selling them to the general public as a pick me up
What were the impacts of the soldiers’ use of amphetamines on their integration back into society?
Because many of the soldiers were athletes in their civilian life they wondered if the amphetamines could also be used to their athletic advantage
What were some incidents that took place when athletes began taking amphetamines to enhance their performance?
There were multiple instances of athletes collapsing and dying due to a combination of overexertion along with dehydration due to a common misconception that drinking water caused cramps. Two athletes who died under these circumstances are cyclists Knud Enmark Jackson and Tom Simpson.
What are the two components of the involuntary nervous system and what do they do?
The two components of the involuntary nervous system are the sympathetic nervous system which controls fight or flight and and the parasympathetic nervous system which is responsible for maintenance
What impact do amphetamines have on the nervous system?
Amphetamines stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and activate fight or flight
When and why were performance-enhancing drugs restricted in the Olympics?
Performance-enhancing drugs were restricted in the Olympics in 1967 not because they were giving athletes an unfair advantage but rather because they were dangerous
Who were Pregl and Zoth?
Pregl and Zoth injected themselves with bull testicle extract in 1896 and concluded through tests on their middle fingers that it made them stronger?
What is Similia similibus and how was it applied by Brown-Sequard?
Similia similibus referred to treating an organ with itself and was applied by Brown-Sequard when he injected himself with macerated dog testicles out of concern of impotency
Describe the first isolation of testosterone
testosterone was first isolated form bull testicles by Coch and McGee in 1926
What was the issue with testosterone isolated from bull testicles?
The issue with testosterone isolated from bull testicles was that it took a large amount of bull testicles to isolate a minuscule amount of testosterone
40kg of bull testicles = 20mg of testosterone
What were the anabolic side effects of testosterone use?
The anabolic side effects of testosterone use included: increased muscle mass, increased strength and increased bone growth
What were the androgenic side effects of testosterone use?
The androgenic side effects of testosterone use included: increased growth of body and facial hair, enlarged vocal chords, acne, increased sex drive, clitoral enlargement, testicular shrinkage
What was the purpose of creating anabolic steroids?
The goal of creating anabolic steroids was to develop a steroid with the anabolic effects but not the androgenic effects
Who was Dr. Manfred Hoppner and what did he do?
Dr. Manfred Hoppner was the team doctor for the East German swim team, who won 11 out of 13 medals at the 1976 Olympics. It was later discovered that this was because the athletes were being forced to use steroids. This led to steroids being banned by the Olympics in 1977
What did the East Germans do when steroid use was banned by the Olympics in 1977?
The East Germans offered to establish an IOC accredited doping testing la and once they had access to the testing protocols they used that information to develop masking tactics
How is steroid testing done?
Steroid testing is done using a Gas-Chromatograph-Mass-Spectrometer (GCMS), a machine that measures the time it takes a molecule to go through a sticky tube as well as its weight and the pattern of fragmentation in order to identify it.
