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Sociology 201 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of culture?

A

Material Culture (tangible artifacts, physical objects)

Non-material (values, beliefs, traditions)

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2
Q

What are the building blocks of culture?

A

Values, Norms, Laws, and sanctions

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3
Q

Mores

A

Norm violation that carries serious moral condemnation

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4
Q

Folkways

A

Norm violation of customary behaviour
Sumner

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5
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Assumes every culture has intrinsic worth (ex. Multiculturalism as a policy)

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6
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Assumes “our” culture as superior

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7
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

Language determines our thought. Choice/connotations of words determine how we view concepts.
If language is lost, the entire culture is put at risk

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8
Q

Subculture

A

Groups in society with their own distinct norms, values, folkways, and mores
Social aggregate
Ex. Hudderites

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9
Q

Counter culture

A

Subcultures in opposition to dominant culture
Want to change the dominant culture
Ex. - hippies of the 60s
- orthodox religion

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10
Q

Culture

A

Knowledge, languages, values, customs and material objects passed to others over time that helps us to deal with real-life problems

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11
Q

Culture is….

A

Learned, shared, intergenerational, cumulative, human

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12
Q

Values

A

General beliefs of right and wrong (general)

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13
Q

Norms

A

Specification of appropriate behaviour (informal)

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14
Q

Laws

A

Codified norms (enforced/ formal)

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15
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards AND punishments

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16
Q

Twin faces of culture

A

Culture is liberating (multiculturalism, globalization, rights revolutionP)
Culture is constraining (rationalization and consumerism)

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17
Q

Postmodernism as a function of culture’s freedom

A

Refers to the era we now live
1. An eclectic mixing of elements fro. Different times and places (fusion, accelerated by technology in the recent. Ex. Music, fashion)
2. Erosion of authority (capitol riots)
3. A decline of consensus about core values

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18
Q

The Werkglocken

A

Culture-constraint : rationalization
“A work clock” , sense of oppression by work
Capitalism

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19
Q

McDonalization

A

Culture-constraint: rationalization
Effeminacy, calcuablility, predictability

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20
Q

Ritzer

A

On mcdonalization
Families eat less together
Increasingly, fast food is exploiting the consumer

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21
Q

Consumerism

A

Culture-constraint
Children are effective marketing , the nag factor

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22
Q

The Sexual Sterilization of Leilani Mur

A

Sexual sterilization act (1928-1972)
Provincial training school for mental defectives in Red Deer
Kitchener institution
Use of eugenics

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23
Q

Language and Gender

A

Women - variety in vocab, modifiers, tag questions, more likely to disclose feelings and personal lives

Men - profanities more often

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24
Q

Absolute poverty

A

A inability to attain basic necessities of life
- basic needs measure

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25
Q

Relative Poverty

A

An inability to secure an average standard of living . Considered deprived relative to others
Ex. LICO (low income cut off point)

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26
Q

Consequences of relative poverty in Canada

A
  • Delayed vocabulary development
  • poor health and hygiene
  • Poor nutrition
  • Absenteeism and low scholastic achievement
  • behaviour and mental problems
  • low housing standards
  • greater likelihood of being poor in adulthood
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27
Q

The social groups at the highest risk of being impoverished

A

Single parent families, 18-25, female, with disabilities, immigration status vs. Race and ethnicity

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28
Q

Income

A

Economic gain attained by wages, salaries and income transfers from the government

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29
Q

Wealth

A

Accumulated assets of goods, such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, etc.

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30
Q

Net worth

A

Is the difference between all debts and assets

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31
Q

As wealth distribution increase, social problems…

A

Increases

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32
Q

Different types of social stratification systems

A

Open (move freely, like economic system in Canada)
Closed (Indian caste system)

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33
Q

Different types of stratification statuses

A

Ascribed and achieved

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34
Q

Mertitocracy

A

You get what you earn not based on wealth or social class, but individual talent

35
Q

Ascribed social status

A

Given at birth and unchanged
Ex. Race, sex, skin

36
Q

Achieved social status

A

Changes throughout life
Ex. Social class

37
Q

Davis and Moore

A

Structural functionalism
1. Society is held together by consensus; not conflict
2. Inequality is functional for society
3. Eliminating inequality would be harmful
4. Inequality will continue because it is functional and necessary

They believe we live in a meritocracy

38
Q

Karl Marx

A
  • Conflict theory
  • The social relationships to the means of production refer to peoples position in society (proletariat and bourgeoisie
  • The proletariat is exploited and experiences alienation
  • Marx never saw cooperation
39
Q

Erin Ohlin Wright

A
  • conflict theory
  • Marx didn’t predict 20th and 21st century capitalism
  • there are more than two classes in contemporary societies based upon
    1. Control of means of production (ceos of corporations)
    2. Control the labour of others (managerial class)
    3. Purchase the labour of others (consumer)
    4. The sale of ones labour (small business owners)
40
Q

Max Weber

A

Conflict theory
1. One factor cannot explain social stratification
2. We should take a multidimensional approach to social stratification including class, status, and party
3. Society will be increasingly controlled by bureaucrats
4. Inequality will continue

41
Q

Feminisms

A
  1. Liberal feminism (makeup/wording of laws in society)
  2. Radical feminism (complete restructuring)
  3. Socialist feminism (patriarchy and capitalism as a behavioural force)
  4. Postmodern feminism (what is gender? How is it constructed? Who makes it? For whom?)
42
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A
  • micro-level concerns
  • Goffman and deference (how people submit to people of higher status)
43
Q

Class

A

Various stratified income groups

44
Q

Status

A

Prestige (jobs)

45
Q

Party

A

Political powers in general

46
Q

Erin Ohlin Wright class triangle

A

Capitalist class
Managerial class
Small-business class (petite bourgeoisie)
Working class
Lumpen proletariat

47
Q

Marx social class triangle

A

Bourgeoisie
Proletariat

48
Q

Surplus value

A

The amount appropriate by the bourgeoisie

49
Q

Law of accumulation

A

Suggests that as the bourgeoisie obtains more wealth, the proletariat will eventually have in mobley to purchase products, the system collapses

50
Q

Stereotyping

A

Occurs when we exaggerate oversimplified images of the characteristics of social categories

51
Q

Prejudice

A

Unfavourable, generalized, rigid beliefs applied to all members of a group

52
Q

Discrimination

A

Practices that deny groups equal access to societal rewards

53
Q

Racism

A

Prejudice (psychological component) + discrimination (act)

54
Q

How is race a social construct

A

Race is a social contradict, an archived status as much as it is an ascribed status.
1. Racial classifications are arbitrary
2. Genetic differences between groups are small
3. Genetic differences are behaviourally insignificant

55
Q

Types of racism

A

Interpersonal
- hate
- polite
- subliminal
Institutional
- systematic
- systemic
Cultural
- everyday
- ideological

56
Q

The Thomas theorem

A

W. I. Thomas said “if people define situations as a real, they real in their consequences”
- this gives rises to interpersonal racism

57
Q

Institutional racism

A
  • systematic and systemic
58
Q

Systematic racism

A

Occurs when an institution is discriminating in an intentional way

59
Q

Systemic racism

A

Occurs when an institution is discriminating in an unintentional way

60
Q

Cultural racism

A

Consists of everyday racism and ideological racism

61
Q

Solution?

A

Education of prejudice and sanctioning of unwanted behaviour

62
Q

Dominant culture

A

Through its political and economic power, is able to impose its values, language, and ways of behaving and interpreting behaviour on a given society
Vs. Counterculture and subculture

63
Q

High culture

A

The culture of the elite, a distinct minority.
Associated with theatre, opera, ballet, classical musics and serious works of literature
Vs. Pop and mass culture

64
Q

Popular culture

A

Culture of the majority , particularly those who have no power in society

65
Q

Cultural capital

A

Pierre bourdieu coined the term cultural capital to refer to the knowledge and skills needed to acquire high culture tastes

66
Q

Mass Culture

A

People who believe they have very little agency in the culture they consume and produce

67
Q

Taboo

A

A norm so deeply ingrained in our social consciousness that the mere thought or mention of it arouses disgust and revulsion

68
Q

Cultural globalization

A

The intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe
Americanization of the world

69
Q

Presentism

A

Judging past individuals by todays standards instead of those of their own time

70
Q

Hegemony

A

Gramsci
All the ways by which the power relations underpinning various form of inequity are produced and reproduced

71
Q

Radicalization

A

A social process in which human groups are viewed and judged as essentially different in terms of their intellect, morality, values, and innate worth because of their physical appearance or cultural heritage

72
Q

Ethnicity

A

Membership in a cultural group that has roots in a particular place in teh world and is associated with distincictgive cultural practices and behaviours
Not the same as nationality

73
Q

Hate racism

A

Individual, deliberate hate

74
Q

Polite racism

A

Microagressions

75
Q

Subliminal racism

A

In unconscious mind
— who are your friends with ?
— who do you date?

76
Q

Everyday racism

A

When you use certain words that stem from racism
Ex. Black and white
- Saphir-Wharf hypothesis

77
Q

Ideological racism

A

— aspects of Canadian logic that is racist
— an ideology in society that impacts in a variety of ways

78
Q

Primordialism

A

Van den Berghe
— nations or ethnic identities are fixed, natural and ancient

79
Q

Biological reason for racial crimes

A

Van den berghe
— ethnic grouping is “natural” / encoded
— discrimination, prejudice and ethnocentrism are natural and inevitable behaviours
— these features of society will likely continue because we cannot eradicate our nature

Problems
— people will often hurt members of their own racial/ethnic group
— people of different groups will often work together in anti-racist campaigns

80
Q

Psychological crimes

A

Frustration-aggression theories
Authoritarian personality theory

81
Q

Normative Explanation

A

— prejudice and discrimination are passed down from generation to generation
— prejudice and discrimination are socialized into children
— functionalism

82
Q

Split market theory (Edna Bonacich)

A

A. Business/ capitalists
B. highly paid (white) labour
C. Lower paid (non-white) labour

83
Q

merton’s normative theory

A

— group norms dictate fairness
— people are inculcated with “success norms” and blame others -— discrimination and the prejudice and stereotyping to rationalize their actions

84
Q

Vertical mosaic

A

John porter
— class structure of Canadian society
— he believed that state polices had created a vertical mosaic; ethnic group were layered vertically with charter group at the top and entrance group below them

Sociology 201 (2 decks)

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