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Soc 100 > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first form of mass media?

A

Block printing - 700 BCE China

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2
Q

Mass media in the 1600’s:

A

newspapers - Halifax Gazette

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3
Q

Mass Media in 1843:

A

telegraph - morse code

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4
Q

Mass Media in 1880’s:

A

silent film and radio

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5
Q

Mass Media in the 1930’s:

A

television

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6
Q

what Mass Media development happened in 1967?

A

The internet

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7
Q

What are the two types of media effects?

A

Short and long-term

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8
Q

What is a short-term media effect?

A

Something passive in the media that does not change daily habits / morals

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9
Q

What is a long-term media effect?

A

Media that is prolonged with positive or negative effects. EXAMPLE: seasame street, and violent video games

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10
Q

What are the 4 functions of media according to Structural Functionalism?

A

Surveillance of the environment

Correlation of parts of society- ways that information about our world is provided and what behaviours respond to this.

Transmission of social heritage

Entertainment

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11
Q

What structural functionalist theorist coined the 4 functions of media?

A

Charles Wright

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12
Q

Conflict theory perspective on Mass Media:

A

Challenges the society we have and investigates media in relation to power, equality and change.

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13
Q

What does The Political Economy Perspective focus on in reguard to mass media?

A

Ownership, control of the media, globalization

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14
Q

Who owns the public media?

A

The government

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15
Q

What is the function of public media?

A

Represents population interest
Watch-dog over government decision making
Free access to educational, cultural and social content

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16
Q

Who owns the private media?

A

Corporations

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17
Q

What is the function of private media?

A

Profit maximization models
Revenue from sales and advertisements

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18
Q

Who are the four corporations who own the private media?

A

Bell Canada, Corus Entertainment, Rogers Communications, Quebecor

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19
Q

What does private ownership of media lead to?

A

Media concentration
Restricts the public’s sources of information and content available

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20
Q

What is the Propaganda Model?

A

Mass media companies will transmit content that is in their own interests

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21
Q

What did Stephen Harper mention about hockey in Canada? Was he correct?

A

The Great Common Denominator- hockey facilitates immigrant integration in Canada

No, many people cannot afford to play / experience hockey as immigrants

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22
Q

Antonio Gramsci theory on Karl Marx’s working class revolution

A

It never materialized because the dominant group wins the voluntary consent of the masses.

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23
Q

How is Hegemony different than domination?

A

Domination uses force,
Hegemony works through families, schools, and the media.

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24
Q

Erving Goffman’s and Feminist theory on Mass Media:

A

Advertisements do not depict men and women; they depict masculinity and femininity through reinforcing women’s subordination to men. Specific subtle cues

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25
Q

What is “secondary socialization”

A

Socialization outside of the home- how men and women are represented in the media

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26
Q

Do men and women get equal representation in advertisements?

A

Yes, but in much different roles

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27
Q

Do advertisements change as audiences do?

A

yes

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28
Q

What are the measures of poverty?

A

Absolute poverty
Relative poverty
Low-income measure
Low-income cut-off
Market basket measure

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29
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

Lack of necessities- basic survival

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30
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

Inadequacy compared to average living standard

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31
Q

What does the Low-Income measure represent?

A

People making less than half the median income
in 2016 14% of Canadians were low income

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32
Q

What does the Low-Income cut-off represent?

A

People who spend more than 20% of their income than the average Canadian on necessities

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33
Q

What is the function of the Market Basket Measure?

A

Estimates the cost of basic goods for a given reference family. (EXAMPLE: families of two in the south of Ontario)

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34
Q

Why do immigrants experience such high rates of poverty?

A

Foreign education
Experience is less valued
Racism
Language challenges
Poor social capital

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35
Q

Why do Indigenous populations experience significantly high rates of poverty?

A

unemployment
geographic isolation
lack of education
lack of opportunity
poor living and health conditions

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36
Q

What percentage of Canadians live with a disability? Which are most common?

A

22% of Canadian adults have at least one disability
Commonly- Pain, Flexibility, Mobility, Mental/Psychological

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37
Q

Define Social Stratification

A

A societies Hierarchy of inequality based on class, socioeconomic status, power, gender and ethnicity

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38
Q

What is “social mobility”?

A

movement within and between classes

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39
Q

What is “vertical mobility”?

A

movement between classes - up or down

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40
Q

What are the systems involved in social stratification?

A

Slavery
Castes - hereditary status
Estates
Social classes

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41
Q

What is an achieved status?

A

Status is granted on the basis of working hard enough

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42
Q

What is an ascribed status?

A

Social mobility is limited due to inheritance structures that maintain the status quo

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43
Q

What thesis is used for functionalist theory and social inequality?

A

The Davis Moore Thesis

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44
Q

What is the Davis Moore Thesis?

A

A socially stratified society is more productive and efficient - rewarding important work will allow money, prestige, and leisure time so people are encouraged to work hard.

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45
Q

Why is the Davis-Moore thesis wrong?

A

Some people cannot afford to get higher education
Some social groups earn less regardless of talent and training
The disparity between the rich and the poor can be extreme

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46
Q

Karl Marx (conflict theory) theory on social inequality?

A

The drive for private property was primarily responsible for creating the two-class system

Capitalists are able to keep wages low because capitalism ensures superfluous labor

Alienated labor

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47
Q

What was Ralf Dahrendorf’s theory of why of Karl Marx’s revolution never happened?

A

Many more people have a stake in capitalism

Higher standard of living, legal protections and unions

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48
Q

What was Weber’s argument about capitalism and inequality?

A

Class and inequality are not the only measure of social stratification.
Weber doubted that overthrowing capitalism would solve inequality; socialism would transfer the power from the capitalist class to government elites

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49
Q

Which topic of social stratification did C. Wright Mills establish?

A

“The power elite”; He believed that US elites were so powerful that they jeopardized the academic process.

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50
Q

What are the three interlocked parts of power in the US according to C. Wright Mills?

A

The military elite
The corporate elite
The political elite

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51
Q

What is the nanny state?

A

British term used by neoliberalists to describe that the government is overprotective and interfering with peoples lives (social programs) and they should act as a nanny to children

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52
Q

What is meant by “tragedy of the commons”?

A

Individuals with access to public resources and in doing so deplete the resource

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53
Q

What is the term neoliberalism? (political economic theorization)

A

Emphasizing privatization, deregulation, and reduction of welfare state through reduction of social programs and lowering taxes. “from poverty to perversity”

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54
Q

What is Thornstein’s theory regarding class? (symbolic interactionist)

A

Symbolism in economic inequality is shown with large displays of wealth and consumption. Wealth is communicated through status symbols.

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55
Q

What is “conspicuous consumption”?

A

Displaying wealth and consuming products that are built to impress others

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56
Q

What is Individual Classism? Is this conscious or intentional?

A

Classism on a personal level, behaviours and attitudes.
EXAMPLE: being ashamed of social class and family, thinking others are beneath you

It can be both conscious and intentional and unconscious and unintentional

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57
Q

What is Institutional Classism? Is this conscious or intentional?

A

Conscious or unconscious classism in institutions.
EXAMPLE: People in poorer neighbourhoods with worse living conditions receive poor quality healthcare while those who have high quality living conditions have better and more access

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58
Q

What is Cultural Classism?

A

The cultural norms and practices that instil classism. Distain or shame about traditional patterns of class and heritage.
EXAMPLE: Television shows are made about people who own homes, typically are white and have basic necessities.

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59
Q

What does “Blame the Victim” mean regarding classism?

A

Believing that people can make it if they tried hard enough leads to stereotyping and poor blasting.
People who have not received welfare believe they never will and this reduces empathy

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60
Q

What are the structural problems causing poverty?

A

deindustrialization, cost of living, barriers to opportunities, limited access to affordable housing, inability to obtain credit

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61
Q

What is meant by “poor policy”

A

Low welfare rates
Low minimum wage
Neoliberalism
Poor wealth distribution
Absence of living wage policies

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62
Q

How was Homosexuality described in Canada during the early 1900s?

A

Deviant behaviour
Indicative of mental illness

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63
Q

What idea regarding sexuality was challenged in the 1950s?

A

Pathology / mental illness
Sexual pluralism is real

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64
Q

1950s-1960s Cold War and The Fruit Machine

A

Homosexual soldiers, civil citizens, and RCMP were investigated, intimidated, and interrogated

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65
Q

Which law was decriminalized in 1969?

A

Consensual sex between two men.
“no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation”

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66
Q

Which crisis occurred during the 1980s?

A

The aids crisis

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67
Q

What is operation soap?

A

Police would raid and arrest gay men in bath houses / abuse them. Toronto rallied and protested. 1981

68
Q

What program did Canadian Universities incorporate in the late 1980s?

A

Gay & Lesbian studies

69
Q

What is the “little sisters bookstore”?

A

A book store in Vancouver had most of its shipments stopped at the U.S - Canada border because LGBTQ material was obscene.

70
Q

What law was passed in 2005 for Canadians?

A

Legalization of same-sex marriage

71
Q

What was the age of consent raised to in 2008?

A

from 14 to 16

72
Q

Which law was struck down in 2014?

A

Canada’s anti-prostitution law

73
Q

What was added to the Canadian Human Rights Act in 2017?

A

Gender Identity

74
Q

Which law was banned in 2021?

A

Conversion therapy

75
Q

Which concept was challenged in the 1980s?

A

Biological identities and gender identity were mapped easily to one another.

76
Q

Define “binary”

A

Anything that is separated into two distinct categories. (some people thing just men and women , heterosexuality)

77
Q

Define gender identity

A

an inner sense of belonging to one, several, or no particular genders

78
Q

What are the 4 ways gender roles are socialized?

A

In the family
In peer groups
In schools
In media

79
Q

What is the patriarchy?

A

a form of social organization where men have more authority than women.

80
Q

Define gender hegemony

A

ideological domination by males over others to the point where you see no alternative

81
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity?

A

Dominant form of masculinity that portrays men should be strong, brave, rational etc.

82
Q

What are the consequences of gender stratification for men?

A

Encouraged to partake in high risk behaviour

Emphasis on competition - loss of opportunity for intimacy and trust

Higher rates of suicide, accidental deaths, violence, stress-related diseases

83
Q

What are the consequences of gender stratification for women?

A

Women across all occupations make 72% of what men make

Women work part time due to domestic responsibilities

Losing job experience and seniority

84
Q

Define the second shift / double burden

A

Women do more housework, childcare and eldercare, resulting in less leisure time

85
Q

What is the glass ceiling effect?

A

Womens limited potential to move up

86
Q

What is the glass escalator effect?

A

Males typically will be moved into promotions with less experience / seniority

87
Q

What % of Canadians in the past 5 years with current or past spouses have reported physical or sexual abuse?

A

6%

88
Q

What percentage of women vs men are violently assaulted?

A

women 34%
men 10%

89
Q

Who are the most vulnerable to domestic abuse?

A

refugee & immigrant women

90
Q

Do hetero or homosexual relationships experience more violence?

A

Violence for gay and lesbian couples are twice as high

91
Q

Define sexual orientation

A

preference of romantic / sexual partners - not related to sex or gender

92
Q

define heteronormativity

A

The assumption that heterosexuality is a universal norm

93
Q

Define homophobia

A

irrational fear or hatred of homosexuality

94
Q

Define transgender

A

Discrepency between the gender that an individual identifies with and the sex they were assigned at birth

95
Q

What is Liberal Feminism?

A

Focus on complete equality between men and women on all domains - legal and cultural barriers removed

96
Q

What is Socialist Feminism?

A

the struggle against capitalism and patriarchy. Family form must be replaced so women are not domestic slaves
Calls for socialist revolution

97
Q

What is Radical Feminism?

A

Society must eliminate gender and stop the oppression women experience in the public and private spheres

98
Q

When was the First Wave of Feminism?

A

1850s-1940s
Female Suffrage (1918)
Women become persons (1929)

99
Q

When was the Second wave of Feminism?

A

1960s-1980s
No-fault divorce (1968)
Access to the pill (1962)
Abortion access decriminalized (1969)
Marital rape recognized (1983)

100
Q

When was the Third Wave of Feminism?

A

1990s
Recognition that white middle-class women do not speak for all women

101
Q

What is Feminist Intersectionality ? Example?

A

The interlocking nature of social identity that cause oppression and marginalization.

Different races and sexual orientations of women get paid different amounts

102
Q

What is the difference between ethnicity and race?

A

Race is socially assumed based on physical or genetic characteristics
Ethnicity is based on cultural characteristics

103
Q

Who is considered a visible minority ? Why is this problematic?

A

Visible minorities include persons who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in color and who do not report being Indigenous.

Self-report measure is unreliable, homogenizes the non-visible minority group, homogenizes the visible minority group, and establishes caucasians as the standard.

104
Q

Who did the 1910 Canadian Immigration Act prohibit?

A

Anyone who was physically or mentally disabled or had a mental illness

105
Q

What change was made to the Immigration act in 1919?

A

Excluded those of extreme political loyalties

106
Q

Until 1967 who were the preferred immigrants?

A

Northern / Central Europeans and Americans

107
Q

Until 1967 who were the non-preferred immigrants

A

Chinese, African Americans, Eastern Southern Europeans

108
Q

What system was introduced in 1967 to decrease discriminatory immigration behaviour?

A

The point system

109
Q

What is accounted for in the points system?

A

English or French Ability
Education
Experience
Age
Job arranged in Canada
Adaptability

110
Q

How many Immigrants come to Canada yearly?

A

300,000

111
Q

What major four classes are Canadian immigrants divided into?

A

skilled workers 1/2
family class 1/4
refugees 15%
Others 2-5%

112
Q

What % of immigrants arrived in urban Ontario?

A

50%

113
Q

Describe Racialization

A

Social group labeling and establishment of social hierarchy - stereotyping

114
Q

What are the four kinds of cultural erosion?

A

Cultural abrasion - American television influences Canadians

Cultural deflation - assimilation of language in to others that can’t describe

Cultural deposition - foreign beliefs, practices, and artifacts combine

Cultural saltation

115
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

A willingness to understand and accept other cultures and not compare to others

116
Q

What is androcentric langauge?

A

Words that imply male dominance

117
Q

What is counterculture?

A

Rejecting norms and conformity of the majority.
Makes deviance the new standard behaviour

118
Q

How does alienation still persist ?

A

machines are increasingly replacing skilled and unskilled workers while owners are getting paid a gross amount

119
Q

Why has the opposite of Karl Marx’s prediction of a workers revolt occurred?

A

Insecure workers vote for capitalists

120
Q

What is exchange mobility?

A

Movement within an occupation only when something becomes vacant

121
Q

What is structural mobility?

A

Creation of new jobs through economic prosperity

122
Q

What is the primary labor market?

A

High paying jobs, good career advancement, job security

123
Q

What is the secondary labor market?

A

Low paying jobs, few opportunities or advancements

124
Q

How many homeless Canadians are considered “hidden homeless”. Describe being “hidden homeless”

A

Estimates 50,000
People who stay with friends or family

125
Q

How does intergenerational trauma effect homelessness in Indigenous populations?

A

Health and longevity, ability to cope with societal demands and maintaining employment

126
Q

What are the benefits of Universal Basic Income?

A

Workers don’t need employers for survival
Class-Consciousness
Normalize and universalize welfare

127
Q

Describe the Manitoba Dauphin Experiment

A

People could apply for monthly cheques to increase their wages, guaranteeing an income of $16,000.

128
Q

What are the three pathways proposed that effect peer relationships for children in poverty?

A

Inability to afford latest trends

Parents psychological stress from poverty affects child-parent relationship

Impovershed kids seek out relationships with deviant peers

129
Q

Define genderqueer

A

A person who identifies with many genders or none at all

130
Q

Define genderfluid

A

gender identity changes over time and contexts

131
Q

What are the fundamental rights under the Canadian Charter?

A

Freedom of conscious and religion

Freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media communication

Freedom of peaceful assembly

Freedom of association

132
Q

What are the Behavioural Models of Health?

A

An approach that considers the lifestyle choices of the individual as the only factor of well-being

133
Q

What is the term biomedical?

A

An approach to health that considers only physiological factors as relevant

134
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

A

Recognized how a variety of emotional, mental, and physical aspects associated with a person’s life contribute to their overall well-being

135
Q

What is Social Assistance?

A

Programs that provide payments to the lowest earning individuals and vulnerable social groups.

136
Q

What is the most important safety net in Canada?

A

Universal healthcare

137
Q

What are the Creative Commons?

A

An organization that helps people protect their creations while also making those creations accessable.

138
Q

What is convergence?

A

Combination / intersection of otherwise different and dispersed regulations and laws, industries of technologies

139
Q

What is regulatory convergence?

A

Deregulation that leads to media industries that are virtually indistinguishable from one another (apple/samsung)

140
Q

What is industry convergence?

A

The horizontal or vertical integration of media industries. (ipod,iphone,appletv)

141
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

The expansion of one type of industry into other types of industries, enabling control of companies across industry boundaries

142
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

Expanded control of the production process (doing all steps, owning all materials)

143
Q

What is technological convergence?

A

The trend toward providing media and information exchange that enables a variety of things

144
Q

What are the three areas that compose the bourgeois public sphere?

A

Status
Domain of common concern
Inclusivity

145
Q

What are uses and gratifications?

A

A media theory that more attention needs to be paid to what people do with the media

146
Q

What is a global village?

A

Media allows compressing time and distance so that people can interact

147
Q

What is diversification? Why is it hard to achieve?

A

Media makes it look like there is diversification in the media but it is very hard for other companies to emerge

148
Q

What is cultural imperialism?

A

Increasing connected global marketplace where products can be where they previously weren’t. It is bad for people who do not receive these things

149
Q

What is media accountability?

A

Many companies say they have a national label though they are owned / are active in many different countries. Who is accountable?

150
Q

What is the poverty line?

A

An agreed-upon income threshold at which an acceptable standard of living is possible

151
Q

What is the SDOH?

A

Social determinants of health - factors that affect a persons health and well-being

152
Q

What is meant by performativity?

A

Sex and gender are completely socially and culturally constructed and policed. We perform as our assigned gender

153
Q

What are ethnic enclaves?

A

Areas of high concentration of a particular culture that is disctinct and a defined boundary

154
Q

What is critical race theory?

A

A theory that views racialization as a performance and a social construction rather than innate, biological qualities.

155
Q

What is racialized socialization?

A

The process where we learn to evaluate people and ourselves according to presumes racialized or ethnic differences.

156
Q

What is Ethnic solidarity?

A

A process in which members of self-conscious communities interact to gain a common purposes

157
Q

What is code switch?

A

Effortlessly shifting to a different language, dialect, class and often culture

158
Q

What is oreintalism?

A

A view that exaggerates and distorts features of people from Asia, North Africa, and Middle East and contrasts the characteristics of the Europeans

159
Q

Does identification with other people of the same ethnicity encourage affiliation?

A

Yes, functionalist theory

160
Q

What is “social distance”

A

The amount to which one social class excepts another

161
Q

What is cultural tolerance?

A

People of various ethnic and racialized backgrounds can come together in a single-nation state and achieve at high levels of trust

162
Q

What is homophily

A

A relationship joining people who have the same or similar attributes or statuses

163
Q

What are the three core elements of tolerance?

A

Cognitive: a willing ability to reflect on inclusion and discrimination

Evaluative: a sense that minority groups can make positive contributions

Political: a readiness to welcome more immigrants and help them settle.

164
Q

What is diaspora?

A

The scattering of any group of people. The term originally referred to specific tribes of ancient Israel dispersed around the world.
Provide connections back to ones group

165
Q

What are the three key dimensions that make up diaspora

A

Dispersion

Homeland orientation

Boundary maintenance (exclude outsiders)

166
Q

How does digital chat help immigrants settle?

A

Engage in social support distance

Soc 100 (1 decks)

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