Midterm 2 Flashcards
Economic Crime
Property
Fraud
Offense related to currency
Presenting and trafficking of illegal goods
“babe ruth” of white collar crime?
Charles Ponzi (1920)
Ponzi scheme
- pay oldest investors with money from new investors
- perhaps stolen from brooklyn bookkeeper william miller
- investors reportedly lost $20mil. equivalent to $225mil in 2011
- died on poverty
Modern monster
Bernie Madoff (2009)
- former chair of NASDAQ stock exchange
- used ponzi scheme, largest frauds in US history, $64bil
- invested 19bil in him, involved family
White-collar psychopath
those involved in white-collar crime had lower scores on lifestyle criminality but higher on some measures of psychopathology traits
B-scan 360
uses rating made by others to measure psychopathic traits in the workplace
preliminary research supports a four-factor model consistent with the PCl-R four factor model
B-scan self
self-report measure of corporate psychopathy
replicated four-factor model
facets consistent with other measures of self-reported psychopathy (SRP - 111); positively correlated with dark triad and negatively correlate with the FFM agreeableness and conscientiousness
Institutionalized fraud
- projected profit lines on future imaginary investments
- executives and trades funneling millions to themselves while company investments tanked
- lied to the world and their staff
- employees left pensionless
Kenneth Lay - 45yrs for securities and wire fraud
Elizabeth Holmes guilty of fraud
CEO of biotech company
Stanford chemical eng dropput
youngest female self-made billionaire
why join a gang?
Social identity theory
Social learning theory
what do they gain?
- camaraderie
- opportunity
- status or power
- financial gain
Big four 1%
- the hells angels
- the outlaws
- the bandidos
- the pagans
the hells angels
- founded march 1948, bishop family, war immigrants in cali
- ride harley
- AKA “HA” “red & white” “81”
- patches akin to military medals
- 256 chapters; 65 US, 191 in 27 other countries
The pagans
- founded 1959, prince george maryland
- blue denim jackets
- 13 US north east
- most secretive
- ties to italian mafia
- rivals to HA
- violent in 60s - 70s
- most active drug trafficking
The outlaws
formed in mcCook illinois 1935 (AOA)
- limited in WW2
1950s logo - skull with crossed pistons
- rivals HA (ADIOS)
- 80 chapters in 20 states and 116 chapters in 14 countires
The bandidos
formed 1966 huston texas
- 5000 members, 210 chapters 22 countries
- rivals HA
Canada: rock machine montreal merged with bandidos 2000s, turf war against HA
Biker criminality
Spontaneous expressive acts
planned aggressive acts
short-term instrumental acts
ongoing instrumental enterprises
Frequencies of crime Big four
Outlaws - 347
HA - 209
Bandidos - 50
pagans - 25
Bandidos Shedden Ontario Massacre 2006
8 men murdered (6 full patched bandido members) found 4 vehicles in farmer fields
killed by other bandidos in assassination style
internal cleansing
OMG affiliation and crime
few differences between bikers and non bikers prior to the PID
OMG affiliations leads to an overall increase in criminal involvement specifically in property, drug and weapon crimes
Aranakan & Kunlangeta
Aranakan - a person who always goes his own way regardless of others, who is uncooperative, full if malice and bullheaded
Kunlangeta - knows what to do but doesn’t. repeatedly lies, steals, cheats, and rapes
Philippe Pinel
- first personality disorder recognized by psychiatry
- manie sans delire (madness without delirium). those who are impulsive and violent
- profound deficits in emotion but no apparent reasoning/intellectual dysfunction
- condition associated with amorality rather than psychosis
The Mask of Sanity - Hervey Cleckley
- first detailed clinical descriptions
- postulated that psychopaths exude a thin veneer of normality and do not appear to be overtly psychotic or mentally disordered
- metaphor of electricity conductors
PCL (psychopathy checklist)
Operationalized in a research scale for assessing
- measuring a constellation of emotional, interpersonal and behavioural characteristics
Personality traits of psychopathy (6)
- superficial
- egocentric
- pathologically deceitful and manipulative
- lacks guilt and remorse
- callous lack of empathy
- shallow emotions
Criminalized lifestyle of psychopathy (6)
- impulsive
- poor behaviour control
- need for excitement
- lack of responsibility
- behaviour problems
- adult antisocial behaviour
Assessing psychopathy (3)
- Psychopathy Checklist -revised (PCL -R) and screening version
- self-report inventories
- DSM-5 antisocial personality disorder
PCL-R
- scored using file info and interviews
- follows 3-point scale: 0,1,2
- min score of 30 for diagnosis; 25 used for research purposes
- Factors - 2,3 or 4
PCL-R 4 factors model
Factors 1
- interpersonal/affective
Factors 2
- lifestyle/antisocial
Self-report problems (2)
- old measures primarily assess factor 2
- SRIs inadequately control for deceitfulness
Hare and McPherson
- 85-97% of psychopathic individuals - atleat one violent crime
- 50-70% recidivism rate to commit acts of assault, vandalism, kidnapping, armed robbery, fighting and to have used a weapon
- more likely to have prior and future crimes for violence
- no more likely to commit murder or sexual assault than nonpychopathic men
Psychopathy results/trends
- psychopathy is a strong predictor of general and violent recidivism
- psychopathy is a relatively weak predictor of sexual recidivism
Conceptual controversies (3)
- diagnostic confusion
- psychopathy
- Mad or bad
Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder
since age 15 3 or more of the following:
- failure to conform to social norms
- deceitfulness
- impulsive or failure to plan
- irritability and aggressiveness
- reckless disregard for safety
- consistent irresponsibility
- lack of remorse
Psychopathy and the DSM
- psychopathy is NOT a formal entry in the DSM-5
- ASPD almost synonymous with criminality
- emphasis on persistent criminality rather than personality
- limits the usefulness of ASPD in forensic settings
- up to 80% of inmates in canada qualify for ASPD, but only 15-30% qualify for psychopathy
2 scales of psychopathy
discrete/categorical: PCL-R classifies individuals into 2 classes, psychopath and non-psychopath
Dimensional: psychopathy exists on a continuum of psychopathic traits (low-high)
Mad or Bad
meet legal and psychiatric standards of sanity
- psychopathic persons are not psychotic or “crazy”
- comorbidity with axis 1 disorders is rare
- understand the law can be held accountable for their actions
psychopaths know the difference between right and wrong, they just don’t care
The Triarchic Model of Psychopathy (3)
- Disinhibition
- Meanness
- Boldness
Disinhibition (5)
- impulsiveness
- weak restraint
- hostility
- mistrust
- difficulty regulating emotion
Meanness (5)
- deficient empathy
- lack of affiliative capacity
- contempt toward others
- predatory exploitativeness
- empowerment through cruelty
Boldness (4)
- confidence
- social assertiveness
- emotional resiliency
- venturesomeness
Cleckley’s conceptualization (2)
- based on observation of psychiatric inpatients
- emphasis on boldness and disinhibition
PCL-R conceptualization (2)
- based on correctional populations
- emphasis on meanness and disinhibition
Diagnosis of psychopathy
- high disinhibition + high boldness = Insouciant-persuasive
- high disinhibition + high meanness = callous-predatory expression
- high disinhibition + high boldness + high meanness = insouciant-persuasive-callous-predatory expression
Models of psychopathy-psychopathic personality inventory (PPI) (3)
- fearless dominance
- self-centered impulsivity
- coldheartedness
Subtypes of Psychopathy
- primary psychopathy = real psychopathy
- secondary psychopathy lacks key defining features, but shares some characteristics
- both are important clinical constructs
- each is defined by a distinct personality structure reflecting different etiological influences
Karpman (1941, 1948)
- first to propose that psychopathy was a heterogeneous syndrome
- similar behaviourally, but differ in motivation
Idiopathic/primary psychopathy (4)
- fundamental affective deficit
- motivated by pathological narcissism fueling parasitic exploitation
- “cold” and calculated exploitation
- thought to be virtually incurable
Symptomatic/secondary psychopathy (4)
- conscience fails to functions appropriately due to difficulties in the parent-child relationship or child maltreatment
- associated with strong negative emotions
- “hot”, reactive, impulsive behaviour
- amenable to treatment
Primary (6)
- low anxiety
- low emotional distress
- high narcissism
- less responsive to treatment
- larger neurobiological component
- higher proportion in caucasian persons
secondary (6)
- characterized by high anxiety
- emotional distress and mental health concerns
- more responsive to treatment
- higher proportion in ethnic minorities
- greater aggression, delinquency, institutional infraction
Fearless temperament
Primary psychopathy - reduced autonomic response in a fear conditioning paradigm
secondary psychopathy - intermediate between primary and control participants in fear conditioning
- integration of fearless theory with neurobehavioral model of motivation
Biological Markers for Psychopathy
Amygdala dysfunction
- reduced processing words of negative valence
orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction (hypoarousal)
- “acquired” psychopathy
genetics
- inherited
other systems..Neurochemical correlates
Autonomic Underarousal
- Diminished startle reaction and skin conductance responses to aversive stimuli
- likely contribute to these individuals being fearless sensation seekers
Lexical decision making task
non-psychopathic offenders: affective words processed more quickly than neutral words, and processed more quickly than psychopathic individuals
AUCs
Area Under the Curve
- they range from 0.50-1.00 (chance accuracy-perfect accuracy)
- indication of how accurately a measure can discriminate x from y
- AUC = .75 (75% of the time randoms who reoffend will have a higher risk score on the risk tool)
HCR-20
HCR-20 prediction study
- 193 patients coded on HCR-20, followed up an average 1.7yrs in the community
- HCR-20 moderate to high predictive accuracy for a range of violent outcomes post release
The Macdonald Triad (3)
- bedwetting/Enuresis
- occuring after age of 5 and at least 2x/wk - animal cruelty
- socially unacceptable behaviour causing pain/distress - fire setting
- deliberate acts of setting fire that may result in conviction of arson
Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse
- often in an adult relationship
- involves manipulation, secrecy, and a relationship of power
- recidivism estimate 4-10%
- 22% reported having other prior incest victims, and 59% reported having prior nonicest victims
- only 33% reported no prior victims
Sex offenders risk assessment measures (3)
empirical actuarial - static
empirical actuarial - dynamic
structured professional judgment (SPJ)
