Midterm 2 Flashcards
of Canadians have great deal or some confidence in police
¾
Canadians rank their police services more favourable than people in most other nations
true
Robertson – analysed Canadian policing
- Two broad issues that need to be considered
- Context in which police operate
- Police activities
occurs when police services use military equipment, tactics, and training as regular methods to police civilians
Police militarization
a set of informal rules and expectations that shape police attitudes, values, and behaviors.
Police subculture
role as law enforcers make them feel isolated and separate from public, leads to strong occupational culture
Police
A benefit of subculture
high levels of mutual support, promotion of honesty and integrity
Criticisms of subculture
resistance to change and supporting different forms of misconduct
of Canadians come into contact with police each year
1/3
occupy 2/3 of all police positions
patrol officers
Cordner (2019) – three main operational police roles:
- Operations
- Administration
- Auxiliary services
patrol, traffic enforcement, criminal investigation
Crime prevention, crime watch, school resource officers, community policing
- Operations
day to day operations, human resources, budgeting, professional standards
- Investigates public complaints
- Administration
– communications, takes calls, directs officer activities, preserving evidence, keeping records, detention
- Auxiliary services
argue that Canadian police is becoming increasingly militarized
Roziere and Walby (2017)
RCMP violated Labour Code by NOT issuing officers with high powered rifles that would increase their safety
R v The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 2017
services organized along military lines, which have a chain of command where lines of authority are clearly defined by the organization
paramilitary organization
lines of authority are clearly defined by the organization
chain of command
- TOP-DOWN
chain of command
Most Canadian front line officers are
constables or officers
RCMP uses the term members for
sworn officers
supervised by corporals, sergeants, inspectors, superintendents, chiefs
sworn officers
job titles vary by police service
true
Police officers with legal authority to arrest and use forces (as opposed to peace officers, who have less legal authority)
Sworn officers
Highest Rank
Police Chief/Commissioner
Second Highest Rank
Deputy Chief/ Deputy Commissioner
Third Highest Rank
Superintendent
Fourth Rank
Inspector
Fifth Rank
Sergeant/Staff Sergeant
Sixth Rank
Corporal
Seventh Rank
Detective/Investigator
Eighth or second to the last Rank
Constable/Officer
Ninth or Last Rank
Special Constable/Cadet/Peace Officer/Community Service Officer
Officers in some Canadian police services receive their promotions relatively early in their careers
True
Officers that have spent relatively little time on the job have the depth of experience to make best decisions
False
Considered the backbone of policing, 2/3 of officers engaged in this work
Patrol
Most patrol activities do not come from public calls, such as 911 calls
False
In busy cities, responding to calls can occupy an entire shift, leaving officers with little time to engage in preventative patrol or to fully investigate incidents
True
Patrol officers provide backup to other officers or professionals in dangerous situations like probation officers or child protection workers
True
Research in Canada shows that traffic officers do not save lives and do not reduce the number of serious collisions through their enforcement activities
False
Issue tickets to violators and ensure orderly flow of traffic around collisions or construction zones, and arrest impaired drivers
Traffic officers
Specialized roles such as accident reconstruction
Traffic officers
Fewer enforcement powers and focus on commercial vehicles such as semi-trailers
Transportation Enforcement Officers in Ontario
_____ of all fatalities occur in rural roads
over 1/2
Plainclothes officers
detectives
All large police services employ detectives to investigate serious crimes
True
Police personnel in investigative roles account for between _____ of all officers in many municipal departments
10 and 15%
Officers in smaller agencies call on experts from larger police services when confronted with complex investigations that are beyond their ability to investigate properly
True
Stand alone police departments in smaller Quebec towns rely on Surete du Quebec to lead the investigation
True
Making a substance or act illegal can attract the attention of
organized crime
RCMP uses __________ to infiltrate organizations to gather evidence about drug crimes
undercover roles
officers carry out investigations in a covert manner that can involve immersing themselves into criminal worlds
undercover roles
Drug enforcement is not a controversial issue
False
Drug enforcement is argued to be a way against the poor and marginalized
True
Over policing leads to increased trust and confidence in the policce
False
Over policing makes it easy to get the community’s participation in investigations
False
There are over _____ organized crime groups active in the nation
670
Pose a serious long term threat to Canada’s institutions, society, economy, and to individual quality of life
organized crime groups
Involved with illicit activity that makes profit, including drug production and distribution, cybercrime, smuggling cigarettes, and firearms, and human trafficking
organized crime groups
Federal, provincial, and municipal agencies carry out combined investigations to deal with organized crimes and gangs
True
One of the challenges of responding to organized crime is that it is increasingly _________
international
Upon his retirement as Commissioner of RCMP, Bob Paulson said that _______ is the biggest threat facing Canadians
Organized crime
All urban police services have emergency response units known as
special weapons and tactics teams (SWAT) or emergency response teams
Have access to military style equipment, automatic firearms, and armoured vehicles
SWAT teams
respond to armed suspects, large scale protests, hostage situations
SWAT teams
Depending on the size of jurisdiction, SWAT officers may be part time or full time
True
One concern with SWAT officers is their use in __________
low risk situations such as warrant work, traffic enforcement, community policing, and mental health crises
Ambush murders of four RCMP officers
Mayerthorpe, Alberta 2005
Ambush murder of three RCMP officers
Moncton, New Brunswick 2014
Ambush murders could be prevented if officers had access to better body armour and more sophisticated firearms
True
The RCMP was not found negligent in Moncton shootings because the officers had proper equipment and training
False
A group of officers who receive specialized training and have access to military style weapons to confront armed and/ or dangerous suspects
SWAT
Respond to incidents of unexploded bombs
bomb disposals squads or bomb squads
Officers who are partnered with dogs to engage in patrol activities, detect drugs or explosives, and track suspects or escaped prisoners
canine K9 officers
Officers who use fixed wing aircraft and helicopters for traffic enforcement including vehicle pursuits, transporting prisoners and providing information to officers on the ground
aviation units
Most mid sized police services such as Calgary, Edmonton, and Winnipeg and all of the largest police services have _________
aviation units
Officers who are deployed in boats to patrol waterfront areas and harbours, including conducting search and rescue activities, promoting water safety, and engaging in crime prevention
marine units
Cape Breton Regional Police Services, Halifax Regional Police, and Vancouver Police Department have ______
marine units or lake patrol
Federal and provincial police services deploy specialized units
True
Public buildings and national historic sites such as ground surrounding the Parliament buildings in Ottawa are not protected by the RCMP.
False
Protection provided by police officers to the Prime Minister, the Governor General of Canada, provincial premiers, mayors of large cities, and visiting dignitaries
Executive protection
All large police services have personnel engaged in anti-terrorist activities
True
October 2014 murder of Corporal Nathan Cirillo
Was shot while guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Ottawa
Armed officials that work with RCMP to enhance security in Parliament Hill
Parliamentary Protective Service
Only a relatively small percentage of all officers carry out crime prevention duties
True
Young males are underrepresented in crime involvement.
False
Officers work with youth gang members and their families to prevent crime
True
Officers placed on a part or full time basis in schools to provide security, teach classes, act as positive role models, and build positive relationships with students
school resource officers
are expected to form positive relationships with students and deliver anti-crime or anti-drug programs to students
school resource officers
In 2017, The Toronto District School Board _______ officers from their schools as they believed some students were intimidated by the police.
removed
Students in five Peel Region high schools felt safer when officers were present, were less stressed and missed fewer days of school
True
was established by Toronto Police Service in 1992 to build stronger relationships between police and 85,000 indigenous people in the city
Aboriginal Peacekeeping Unit
________ are intended to build bridges between these groups and the police.
Community policing initiatives
Wilson’s research found that police departments balanced three functions:
law enforcement(legalistic style)
order maintenance(watchman style)
providing needed services(service style)
According to Wilson, what made police services different was which of the three activities was most valued and the priority they placed on an enforcement or crime-fighting role. These organizational priorities, in turn, shaped the relationships that officers established with the public.
True
A policing model by Wilson that emphasizes professionalism and formal relationships with the public in bureaucratic (top-down) agencies where officers are noted for their strict enforcement of the law.
Legalistic style
A policing model by Wilson where officers have high number of contacts with the public and their productivity is demonstrated by high arrest rates or by issuing many traffic tickets.
Legalistic style
A policing model by Wilson that uses less discretion when dealing with the public and even minor conflicts can end in an arrest.
Legalistic style
A policing model by Wilson where officers focus on order maintenance, such as reducing antisocial behaviour.
Watchman style
A policing model by Wilson where agencies with this orientation are more involved with their community.
Watchman style
A policing model by Wilson that focuses more on the wrongdoing than the wrongdoer. Officers use their discretion to maintain peace than strictly enforce the law. Therefore there are few arrests for minor offences.
Watchman style
A policing model by Wilson that place a priority on public satisfaction and being responsive to community needs. Closer to the ideal of community policing as there are frequent contacts between officers and civilians and many disputes are handled informally.
Service style
A policing model by Wilson where every complaint about crime or order maintenance is taken seriously but serious crimes are prioritized for investigations. This approach is more common in small towns or in wealthy city suburbs.
Service style
Wilson’s approaches exist in pure forms.
False
Officers in high crime patrol zones are more legalistic.
True
A defined area within a community that officers are assigned to patrol.
Patrol zone
Shootings of Canadian civilians by the polic are common
False
The use of lethal force on Canadian civilians by the police still occurs
True
Most officers are reluctant to use force and use it as last resort
True
Guidelines for the police use of force
Criminal Code Section 25
Use-of-force guideline
Continuum
How much force a police should use in a given circumstance
Use-of-force guideline or continuum
Alternatives to firearms that are intended to temporarily incapacitate or confuse an individual
less-than-lethal weapons
Less-lethal devices such as tasers that send an electrical charge that temporarily incapacitates an individual
conducted energy devices
examined use of force in seven police services between 2006 and 2013 and found that of 3.5 million interactions between the police and public, there were fewer than 5,000 use of force incidents (less than 0.01 %), although six suspects died of gunshot wounds
Hall Votova and Wood 2013
examined police use of force in a Quebec City of 1.5 million residents. With 2000 officers, they found there were 1,451 use of force incidents between 2008 and 22011
Boivin and Obartel
Calgary police had 2.7 million interactions with public between 2012 and 2017, and found that force was used in only 3254 cases. They killed 8 suspects in 5 years, about 1 suspect every 350,000 interactions with the public.
Wittmann 2018
Most suspects injured by police were male and under 30 years of age under the influence of alcohol (60.8%) or drugs (25.4 %)
True
Most use of force incidents happen in places with low levels of informal social controls and high levels of crime
True
when members of the public accompany a police officer on patrol to learn about policing
ride-along
The Police Sector Council observes that a constable should be able to master nine competencies:
Adaptability, ethical accountability and responsibility, interactive communication, organizational awareness, problem solving, risk management, stress tolerance, teamwork, written skills
Applicants with criminal records or history of illegal or unethical behaviors (both detected and self-reported) will often be excluded or deferred (require three year of crime free behavior)
True
Basic training lasts 20-24 weeks
True
Most police services provide 600-800 hours of instruction
True
Before training academy graduates are made permanent employees, they must complete a period of supervised instruction by field training officers (six months)
true
experienced police officers who train and mentor new police officers during their first months on the job
field training officers
The Saskatchewan Police College Training Area spends how many hours in Criminal Law?
103
The Saskatchewan Police College Training Area spends how many hours in Defensive Tactics
96.5
The Saskatchewan Police College Training Area spends how many hours in Firearms
77
The Saskatchewan Police College Training Area spends how many hours in Diversity awareness?
9.5
The Calgary Police Service had 2.7 million police-public interactions from 2012-2017. 500,000 of which are criminal incidents. 100,000 of which lead to charges. 3300 which needed force. 23 of which had a firearm fired by the police. 8 suspects were killed?
true
Formal civilian oversight of police are laid out in Police Services Act
True
compensates for government failures to combat police deviance and equalize the balance of power between public officials and citizens
Formal methods of Civilian oversight
In Saskatchewan, all communities larger than _______ residents must have a board of police commissioners
5000
An agency created by the Parliament to investigate citizen complaints to the RCMP
Civilian Review and Complaints Commission
Investigatory bodies that respond to public complaints or carry out internal investigations of police mistakes or misconducts MUNICIPALLY
professional standards sections
What are the top five allegations and complaints against the RCMP that were sent to the civilian review and complaints commission
Neglect of duty, improper attitude, improper use of force, irregularity in procedure, improper arrest
When an officer fails to carry out their duty such as improperly caring for a prisoner or performing their work below RCMP standards
Neglect of duty
When an officer is rude or disrespectful or lacked empathy
Improper attitude
Where the force used was unnecessary, applied too harshly or inappropriate to the situation
Improper use of force
When an officer violated privacy rules or inappriopriately accessed information, such as using police database to access information about friend or family
irregularity in procedure
When officer fails to promptly inform a suspect why they were being arrested or failed to advise the individual about their rights, such as access to counsel
Improper arrest
Many people who were mistreated by police may lack confidence that their claims will be taken seriously
True
A dark figure of police misconduct
misconduct that occurs but is never reported or counted
Office of the Independent Police Review Director reported that a total of _______ of 23,830 officers had a complaint against them
3400
The number of officers actually punished is high
False
The complaint process is like the criminal justice funnel
True
Which province would be the only province without an independent watchdog agency for the police if a single agency is established for serious police misconduct incidences?
Saskatchewan
Canadian officers are _____ as likely to kill a suspect using firearms as their American counterparts.
1/4
Canadian officers are less likely to kill using guns because
there are less gun ownership in Canada and American police are 45% more likely to die from assault
about ____ of US murders are committed with guns
70%
Police are trained to shoot at a less vital part when faced with a suspect with a deadly weapon
False
Police are trained to shoot at a the centre mass, a vital section, when faced with an armed suspect
True
Why is it hard to comment on officer-involved shootings?
lack of accurate national statistics so we have to rely on newspaper investigations
occur when police officers discharge their firearm, including accidental and intentional discharges
officer-involved shootings
Number of fatal police shootings per million residents in Canada
0.8
Number of fatal police shootings per million residents in US
3.00
Occurs when individuals deliberately provoke the police into shooting them, such as by pointing an unloaded firearm at an officer
Suicide by cop
About 1/4 to 1/3 of police shootings in the US are suicide by cop
true
Pointed an object at Toronto Constable Ken Lam and yelled “Kill me”, tried to do suicide by cop, drove a van and killed 10 and injured 15
Alek Minassian
Of the 3400 complaints to the police, 1300 are screened out. 1800 are withdrawn, unsubstantiated or still under investigation. 250 are mediated or informally withdrawn. 67 are substantiated but are less serious. 25 are substantiated and are serious
True
There is less litigation in Canada compared to the US to the police
True
Lawsuits from employees of the police services, especially the women, were launched against the RCMP for abuse, sexual advances, discrimination, intimidation, harassment
True
Cameras provide an unbiased record of incidents
True
Braga, Sousa, Coldren, and Rodriguez found that officers using BWCs generate ____ complaints and use of force reports
fewer
Braga, Sousa, Coldren, and Rodriguez found that officers made more arrests and issued more citations than those without BWCs
True
When the public sees the police as more legitimate, people are less willing to abide by the law
False
Trust in police dropped from 69 to 57 % from 2007 to 2012
True
Trust in police is lower than trust in Canada’s school system, banks, justice system, courts, media, federal Parliament, and major corporations
False
Three quarters or 76% of Canadians have a somewhat positive opinion on policing in 2016 and 2017
True
Over three quarters or 79% said RCMP officers demonstrated professionalism in their work and 75% said their officers provided a quality service to the public in 2017
True
Trust and confidence in police are the same throughout the nation
False
Newfoundland and Labrador express high confidence while British Columbia respondents report the lowest
True
Who has higher confidence in the police?
women, older respondents, and non-visible minorities
Who has lower confidence in the police?
Visible minority groups, indigenous people
University of Windsor found that people who had contact with the police in the previous 12 months and crime victims rated the police HIGHER than people with no contact and non-victims
False
Montreal and Halifax will not adopt body worn cameras because?
of their expense and the challenges of storing the data collected by these cameras
Police are seldom fully independent of political influence but this influence must be appropriate.
True
The processing time for an impaired driving offence has increased over ____ per cent in the past three decades
300
How long does it take to process a single offence?
5 hrs
the employment of civilian personnel in police organizations
Civilianization
The rate of civilians employed by police services grows at a faster rate than sworn officers (155% vs 34%)
True
management, professional, clerical support workers (composes 1/5 of all police service personnel), dispatchers, crime analysts, administrators
administrative support staff (civilian personnel0
uniformed civilians with less enforcement powers than sworn officers, include special constables, cadets, security officers, bylaw enforcement officers
uniformed officials without full police powers
What is the difference between first and fourth class constable?
First class have at least five years of experience
The average salary for police personnel in Canada in 2016 and 2017
97,004
Salary of auxiliary cadet
34,631
Salary of Fourth Class constable
55,964
Salary of First class constable
101,753
Hiring cadets or special constables increase police visibility
True
Hiring non police officials is the same cost as two senior constables, making them cost effective
True
One of Peel’s principles is that Police are the public and the public are the police - what does this mean?
The police should reflect the populations they serve
50% of officers are women
No, they are 21% or 1 in 5
Visible minorities compose a large part of the officers
False, it is zero to 3%
1/3 of all canadian police officers have a post secondary education
True
Beverley Busson and Brenda Lucki
Female Commissioners of RCMP
Christine Silverberg
chief of Calgary Police in 1995
Female officers are less likely to have children (over a half) and 82% report having an earning of higher than 100,000 - compared to males with 98% having higher than 100,000
True
Involves the social control efforts of individuals who are not government employees, but instead are hired to provide security or policing services
Private Policing
Canada and US have the highest per capita employment of ________ in the developed world
security personnel
Police privatization in the UK lead to increased crime and increased investigatory errors
True
obstruction of investigation into police mistakes or misconduct
blue wall of silence
Police resist reforms that shift job duties to a more proactive or social service-focused job because they identify with their ________ role
crime fighter
Which factors have led to a police subculture?
Solidarity, authoritarianism, suspicion, conservative outlook, prejudicial attitudes
loyalty to other police officers above all others
Solidarity
Belief in, and willingness to exercise, coercive power over others
authoritarianism
A mistrust of others that is formed by negative contacts with non-officers
suspicion
Caused by the moralistic and negative nature of police work
conservative outlook
tendency to prejudge others using stereotypes based on an officer’s values and work experiences
prejudicial attitudes
In an average year, three or four Canadian police officers are killed on the job
True
Police officers are more likely to be assaulted, killed, or murdered
True
There is a one in ____ chance of being assaulted in a year for an officer
seven
1/3 of municipal or provincial police officers or 1/2 of RCMP have mental illnesses
True
Police culture makes it easier for police to talk about their mental illnesses
False
Travelled from Northern Manitoba to Winnipeg to visit birth mother. Police officers, security officers, and hospital staff were aware of her. Became missing. Was given drugs by Raymond Cormier and suggested that he had sex with her. He was not found guilty.
Tina Fontaine
There are ____ police officers for every thousand Canadians.
two
___ of police officers are employed in municipalities.
2/3
Crime fighting only accounts for _____ of their duties
1/4
Occurs when organization take on more duties than were originally envisioned by the founders of those agencies
mission creep
Officers who occupy front line policing positions
front line officers
Police services that are typically small and are not part of a larger police organization
stand-alone police services
prior to 1820
pre-modern era
1820 to 1940
political era
1940 to 1980
professional era
1980 to present
community policing era
developed customary justice systems to resolve disputes and respond to wrongdoing
Indigenous
Indigenous people’s justice systems had a _______ approach, and behaviors were “controlled and regulated through shaming, ostracism, and physically punished or executed”
restorative
Banishment
an actual death sentence in Indigenous justice systems
Was responsible for maintaining order in the first settlements prior to Confederation in 1867
military
policed the Newfoundland coastal outports
British navy
The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in
1729
founded in 1729, it claims to be the oldest police service in canada
Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
In the early 1800s, _______ used police to further their interests, whether they were legal or not
local politicians
In the political era, the _____________ were over policed and the crimes of the __________ were overlooked
poor and minority; rich and politically powerful
refers to when members of a social group or neighborhood are treated suspiciously, watched, stopped, searched, questioned, or otherwise paid attention to by the police by virtue of being members of that group
over-policed
the inappropriate use of political authority to influence police operations
political interference
In the political era, police had high morale and low turnover
false
North American police services were modelled after large municipal services that were first established in _______
England and France
founded London’s Metropolitan Police Service with 1,000 full time uniformed officers
Robert Peel
Considered to be the father of the modern police service
Robert Peel
introduced centralized command, the beat system, crime prevention and the uniform
Robert Peel
A police force that emphasized mounted patrols and was a model for early rural Canadian police services
Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC)
A police force established in 1873 in response to lawlessness in the North West Territories (in what is now Alberta and Saskatchewan) and to reinforce Canadian sovereignty in that region.
North West Mounted Police (NWMP)
Predecessor of Royal North-West Mounted Police (established in 1904)
North West Mounted Police (NWMP)
Predecessor of Royal Canadian Mounted Police (established in 1920)
Royal North-West Mounted Police
The NWMP was established in
1873
The RNWMP was established in
1904
The RCMP was established in
1920
Patrolled Quebec countryside from 1839 to 1842
Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC)
Red River Rebellion of 1869 to 1870 led to a need for formal social control
True
Red River Rebellion was caused by
Cypress Hills Massacre in 1873
massacre of 20 or more indigenous people by American hunters and whisky traders in southern Saskatchewan
Cypress Hills Massacre
In the political era, arrests were rare and most work was in response to relatively minor offenses such as public drunkenness, disorderly behavior, and vagrancy
True
A nation’s claim on its territory
Sovereignty
In the 1900s, the main role of the NWMP, RNWMP, and RCMP were to ensure ________
sovereignty
In the political era, provincial and federal politicians used the police in 1935 to confront protesters and rioters of the Great Depression
On-to-Ottawa Trek
To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and severity of legal punishment
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To recognize always that power of the police to fulfill their functions and duties is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions, and behaviour, and on their ability to secure and maintain public respect
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To recognize always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public means also securing the willing cooperation of the public in the task of securing observance of the law
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To recognize always that the extent to which the cooperation of the public can be secured diminishes, proportionately, the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To seek and preserve public favour, not by pandering to public opionion, but by constantly demonstrating absolutely, impartial service to law, in complete
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion and advice is found to be insufficient
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To maintain a relationship with the public, police are the public and the public are the police
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To recognize always the need for strict adherence to police executive functions
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
To recognize always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder
Robert Peel’s nine principles of Policing
traditional model of policing
professional model of policing
objective, relies on science, and is free from political interference
Professional model of policing
a model that emphasizes a top down style of police management with an emphasis on random patrols and rapid response, where citizens play a passive role in crime control
Professional model of policing
incorporates more centralized approach, applies command and control techniques, standardization, training
professional model of policing
occurs when friends of people in authority are appointed to jobs wihtout regard to their qualifications
Cronyism
preferential hiring carried out by people in powerful positions of their family members
nepotism
reduces cronyism and nepotism
civil service rules
occurs when a suspected offender is forced to submit to an unauthorized punishment by a police officer, such as doing push ups in return for nto getting a speeding ticket
street justice
The Supreme Court found the ban on RCMP’s unionization to be constitutional in 2015
False
In professional model of policing, individuals never received criminal records but never received any due process protections either
True
An approach to policing that relies on community involvement to take a proactive approach to reducing antisocial behavior and crime
community-oriented policing
when more time is spent talking about something than actually implementing the approach
lip service
Community approaches don’t work well with high crime neighborhood because of distrust to police
True
There are ______ officers in Canada
69,000
The RCMP has ____ officers
18,000
Lurancy Harris and Minnie Miller
First policewomen hired by Vancouver police in 1912
When did OPP and RCMP train their first women officers
1974
A greater number of women officers killed fewer suspects
True
Indigenous officers comprise of ____ percent
4
One fifth of canadians are visible minorities, how many police offiicers are visible minorities?
8
Smaller police agencies from burlington, oakville, milton, georgetown, and acton merged into a single agency in Ontario due to regionalization
Halton Regional Police Service
What was the change in women officers from 1987 to 2017
386%
What was the change in Visible Minority Officers from 2011 to 2016
2.4%
What was the change in Indigenous officers from 2011 to 2016?
15%
What is the per capita cost of policing in 2016/2017?
$405
_______ fund police services
property taxes
Larger cities can easily pay for police while small cities like Saskatoon or Regina have to use 20-25% of their budget for the police
True
As a result of the high cost of policing, small towns have disbanded their local police services and started contracting larger police forces
True
What is one downside to contract policing in small towns?
It reduces positive police-community relationships as these officers do not live in the community.
A form of policing where a police service, such as the RCMP or OPP provides policing to a municipality under a contract
contract policign
The number of officers per 1,000 residents
police strength
In 2017, Montreal and Halifax had the lowest police strength
False, they had the highest
Wealthier cities tend to have greater police strength
True
What is the canadian average for officers per 1000 residents?
2
Most police research is conducted on large municipal police services
True
___ of Canadians live in rural areas
1/5
Homicide rates are higher in rural areas than in cities
True
Response times in rural areas are fast
False
Rural residents are increasingly feeling safe
False
St Johns, Abbotsford, Kingston, Saskatoon had lower police strengths than the average
True
Canada Border Services Agency Officers are classified as police in Canada
False
Police strength increases with the city’s increase in minority population
True
Police strength increases when the city’s income decreases
False
Police strength increases with an increase in poverty
True
Comprehensive national policing strategy for indigenous people
First Nations Policing Program (FNPP)
The three levels of FNPP
Federal, Provincial/territorial, First Nations
FNPP serves how many Indigenous communities?
450
Occurs when indigenous communities are able to exert more ocntrol over their economic, social, and cultural development
self determination
Most police officers are employed by _____ governments
Municipal
The National Academies of Science identified four proactive approaches
focusing officers to high crime areas (hot spots), identify crime related problems and developing solutions, targeting the small number of individuals, using strengths of community to identify and control crime
a patrol method thought to reduce crime by providing a visible police presence in the community
random preventative patrol
Rural communities receive few patrols
true
programs that encourage community members to work together to report suspicious people or unusual activities to the police
Neighborhood watch
Participation in neighborhood watches are high in wealthier and long term residents who own their homes
True
What is one counterargument for neighborhood watches?
an offender might be displaced and do it where no one is watching or they may be overzealous in their interaction with suspects
A controversial police practice where information is collected about people who are stopped at random and questioned
carding
A practice where individuals engaged in suspicious activities are questioned by the police
street checks
when an officer randomly asks an individual to provide identifying information when the individual is not suspected of any crime, nor is there any reason to believe that the individual has information about any crime
Carding
When information is obtained by a police officer concerning an individual outside of a police station that is not part of an investigation - legitimate intelligence gathering of potentially useful information
Street checks
Police in the United Kingdom also say that decreasing the number of stop and searches led to significant increases in violent crimes
True
Research does not show a clear link between stops and crime reduction
True
In New York City, violent crime rate dropped at the same time as the practice of stop, question, and frisk ended
True
Refers to judgment is used to determine which of several options to pursue; in the case of policing, this includes whether to take no action, provide a warning, make a formal caution, issue a ticket, or arrest a suspect
discretion
Involves managing minor offences, antisocial behavior, and other conduct that disturbs the public
order maintenance
legislation that made it easier for police to crack down on acts that reduce the quality of life in public spaces such as panhandling, squeegee cleaning
Safe Streets Acts (SSA)
the use of police during mass demonstrations such as protests to maintain the balance between the rights and interests of government, society, and individuals
public order policing
Professionals who respond to emergencies, such as police officers, paramedics, and firefighters
First responders
___ of victim services were offered by police agencies
1/3
1 in 170 calls require an urgent response
True
P1 calls
highest priority
P7 calls
lowest priority involved in picking up property such as confiscated or stolen items
What are the three parts of Reid Technique?
Theme, Isolation, Minimization
How effective is Reid Technique?
85%
A story to implicate the accused
Theme
Amplify the positives of confessing and minimize the negatives
Minimization
What technique can get anyone to confess?
Reid Technique
Who changed her story and said Action Morgan did it?
Sasha Allison
Who was Action Morgan’s bestfriend that got subjected to the Reid Technique?
Brian Cox
Who was innocent but got accused of a crime due to the Reid Technique?
Eric Morgan
It is legal for police to lie to suspects
True
Who was not 100% sure that it was Eric Morgan and got him acquitted?
Elaine Morrison
Police must say you have right to a lawyer
Miranda 1966
Man signed confession and believed it even though DNA evidence showed he did not murder a woman
Norfolk Four
Is the most important piece of evidence, even more so than eyewitness
Confession
Sexual assaults are underreported
True
NDAs are used by institutions to squash down sexual assault allegations
True
Hiring more female staff will reduce sexual assault
Not necessarily if the same systematic structure that leads to sexual assault is still present
Had a car accident with another motorcycle, both had alcohol. Was involved in Dziekanski case, lead officer with taser, committed perjury, got away with a light sentence
Monty Robinson
Trucker that killed 5 due to alcohol, was sentenced to 8 years
Daniel Tschetter
What does the Monty Robinson and Daniel Tschetter case show?
Police getting away with crimes
Prior to 11th century, there was no regular police force
True
Canadian policing originates from early English society
True
Ten families formed a tithing which were then grouped to form a hundred
Frankpledge (peace pledge) system
Hundreds coalesced into ___
shires or counties
Top law enforcement officer is known as
shire-reeve or sheriff
In the 13th century, the constable watch system was formalized by the
Statute of Westminster
Each parish consisted of a ______ and unpaid ______
constable;watchmen
Military policing lasted in london until mid-1700s
true
Henry Fielding created a professional law enforcement organization
1748
in 1748, ________ created a professional law enforcement organization
Henry Fielding
Passed the London Metropolitan Police Act in 1829, establishing a 3200 person professional police force
Robert Peel
expected to reduce tension and conflict, use nonviolent means, relieve military from controlling crime, be judged on basis of absence of crime
Bobbies
Bobbies were spread in England, Australia, US, and Canada
True
calling a bobby to resolve issues
Whistleblowing
In Pre-Modern Era, private policing existed
True such as Hudson Bay HBC
The professional era uses data from eyewitness and DNA samples
True
Uniforms and vehicles were provided for officers so no one wwas special
Professional era
Harper did not want to pay better working conditions, Supreme Court said they can unionize
2015 RCMP SCC decision
Police unions lead to self preservation
True
Two ideas of thought regarding community
citizens know nothing/citizens can do something
What is one danger of letting citizens be part of the police work
Vigilanteeism
Early Municipal police forces were interested in
maintaining public order, preventing and controlling crime, providing community services
Early municipal police force used _____ to communicate
police runners
Police runners were replaced with call boxes then call boxes with bell system then with telephones then with patrol vehicles then fingerprinting then a criminal record system and toxicological analyses post 1920
True
What was the most important development for Municipal Policing?
officers were separated from the community
Why is the separation of the police from the community significant?
Crime fighing was emphasized, poice became more specialized, the yspent less time on foot, crime rates, service calls, and response times determined police operations, officers recruited based on psychological factors and civil service testing
____ of police worked for municipal forces
67% or 42668
___ of police worked for provincial forces
9692
____ of police worked in RCMP
4249
How many employees does the RCMP have
26,000 employees, 18,000 officers, and over 75,000 volunteers
What are the two ways to determine how large should be a police presence
population-to-police-officer ratio or compare the number of criminal code incidents with the number of police in any given force
Police forces are bureaucracies
True
The professional model of policing that emerged in 1930s and remained in place until the 1970s includes:
Hierarchical differentiation, Functional differentiation, routinization, centralization of command
Died in Vancouver International Airport in 2007
Robert Dziekanski
concluded that police were not justified in using a taser
Braidwood Inquiry
Kershaw argues that tasers have saved over ____ lives in North America alone
4000
emphasizes the importance of neutrality in policing society. Keys are to protect society and enforce the law
Social contract perspective
Perceives the police as acting on part of the ruling class. Repressive instrument in society.
Radical perspective
Supporters of racial profiling favor the crime control model
True
When police move from standard practice of case probability to class probability
Racial profiling
Supreme Court ruled that ____ is a part of an officer’s unique position. It cannot be applied arbitrarily.
Discretion
Three factors that are influential when an officer decides to intervene:
Serious/type of crime, attitude of the citizen, departmental policies that specify how discretion is to be applied
Variables to an officer’s decision to arrest
situational variables, community variables, and extralegal factors
Seriousness of the crime, strength of evidence, preference of the victim, relationship between the victim and the suspect, demeanour of suspect
situational variable
Minority and working class communities, officer’s perception of danger, citizen’s attitudes toward police, community legal culture
Community variables
Race, class, and gender, Mandatory arrest, Aboriginal men and women are more likely to be arrested for all offences except drug and traffic violations
Extralegal Factors
Six values in police subculture
they are the only real crime fighters, no one understands the real nature of the police , loyalty, rule beding, public is unreasonable, detective work is better than patrol work
cynicism, hostility, dogmatism, conservatism
Police personality
Police personality is a result of socialization rather than predisposition
True
Niederhoffer argued that new officers were least cynical, became cynical after a few months on the job and became less cynical near retirement
True
More educated officers were more likely to be authoritarian, conservative and rigid
False
Having a degree results in lack of professionalism, initiative, and more complaints
False
Force used with intent to cause bodily injury or death
Deadly Froce
Police were permitted to shoot a fleeing felon until 1995 (R v Linus)
True
It is clear what is meant by as much force as necessary
False
How much force to use is stated
False
Control of deadly force is maintained by two mechanisms
reasonableness standard, legislation to force cooperation in cases of death, injury or other force
It is difficult to convict officers based on the reasonableness standard
True
Has the highest rate of use of deadly force
North west Territories, but small population inflates rate
Most incidents of deadly force
Ontario/Quebec
Lack of community cohesion, organizational values of force, training are more important causes of the use of deadly force
True
Cyberbullied by dutch man Aydin Coban
Amanda Todd
Victims as crimeless good people and accused as the worst criminal
Bias of Media
Rehtaeh Parsons
A question of RCMP’s jurisdiction in Canada
Jaxson Jacoe was a developmentally challenged man that got caught in a sting vigilanteeism
Creep buster
Top down approach leads to overlap of responsibilities
True
Top down approach fails to promote personal innovation and ingenuity
True
Response times are a fair measure of police efficiency
True
Arrest rates are a measure of police efficiency but is not ideal
True
refers to recognition that force can be used to control a situation legitimately.
Passion
refers to the ability to empathize with suffering, and to be ethical/moral.
Perspective
passion and perspective
Professionals
they have passion for their jobs including use of force
Enforcers
lack passion, difficulty using authority (i.e. arrests)
Reciprocators
social worker
Social Agent
emphasizes public order, tolerant of private matters/conflict; restore order
Watchman
enforce all laws including minor offences. Discretion is minima
Law Enforcer
deal with serious criminals, thin blue line.
Crime fighter
Was a well known activist with a suspected death due to police misconduct
Sandra Bland
Officer in Sandra Bland would be in Wilson typology
Law enforcer
Purpose of patrol
deter crime, maintain public order, provide 24 hr services
___ of all calls invovles incidents such as neighborhood siputes, animal control, noise complaints, locating lost children
80%
Reactive Policing
Incident driven policing
occurs when police react to citizen’s call for help
Incident driven policing
Occurs when police crack down on street drug trade, prostitution, or set up fencing stings, involves acting or interacting with criminal before crimes occur
proactive policing
Flint neighborhood foot patrol program reduced crime slightly and generated greater confidence in police and reduced fear of crime
True
Different types of patrol did not affect crime rates, citizens attitude towards officers, citizens fear of crime, rates of reported crimes
1972-3 Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment
Why are patrols ineffective
Police patrols are spread out, many crimes cannot be prevented by police, displacement
About __ of all arrest amde by patrol officers than detectives
8/10
Use of military leads to more crimes
True
Broken Windows Theory leads to zero tolerance policing
True
Directing resources at causes of crime, policing hot spots, Kansas City Gun project 1992-3
Problem Oriented Policing
A form of hatred, sending fake threat to authorties to swarm victim
Swatting
Solutions to Swatting
antiswatting list, police education
