Midterm 2 Flashcards
The tongue muscle is innervanted by which nerve?
Hypoglossal nerve CNXII
What is palatoglossus
Palate and the tongue
What is the styloglossus
Styloid process and tongue
What is hyoglossus
Hyoid and tongue
What is the genioglossus
Mandible (chin) and tongue
What does the Synergist do
Assist primary mover
What does the antagonist do
Opposes movement; helps with controlling the flexor
What are cutaneous membranes made of?
Epithelium and connective tissue
(Epidermis and dermis)
Name the 3 accessory structures in the integumentary system
Exocrine glands, hair, and nails
What is the largest organ in the body?
Skin (15%)
What are the 5 major functions of the skin
Barrier, thermoregulation, sensation, metabolic functions, and social functions
Name a way skin acts as a barrier
Sweat, UV protection, transdermal absorption, protects against harmful penetration, bears brunt of most injuries
Name a metabolic function
Vitamin D synthesis, energy storage (subcutaneous fat)
What are the 4 tissue types in the skin?
Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle (smooth), nerve
Where are Merkel cells found?
In areas with no hair
IE. finger tips, lips
What is a langerhans (dendritic) cell?
Type of macrophage that originates from bone marrow and migrates to epidermis. It is important in the immune system in response to pathogens penetrating the superficial layer
What is the most outer layer of the skin?
Stratum Corneum
True or false:
There are 5 layers of skin everywhere
False.
Only the palms and soles of the foot have an extra layer (stratum lucidum)
Name the 5 stratums of the epidermis
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
What is the name of the stratum only in hair-less areas (feet and palms)?
Stratum lucidum
What forms the line of cleavage?
Collagen fibre bundles in the reticular layer of the dermis along lines of tension
What does a 1st degree burn affect?
The epidermis
What does a 2nd degree burn effect?
Epidermis and some dermis
What does a 3rd degree burn effect?
Everything all the way through to the hypodermis
What is the hypodermis?
The superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue that stabilizes skin to the underlying tissue.
Loose connective tissue (stores fat -adipose)
What are the 3 mechanisms for secretion?
Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
(Sweat, mammary, sebaceous)
Name the 4 types of exocrine cutaneous glands
Sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, mammary
What does the ceruminous gland do?
Secretes earwax (apocrine)
Which gland secretes oily lipids?
Sebaceous
What does the sweat gland secrete?
Water and electrolytes
How many hairs are lost per day on average?
70-100
What are the 3 types of hair?
Lanugo (fine/fetal), vellus (body surface), terminal (long + coarse)
Hair covers all body surfaces except _____
Volar skin.
True or false:
Hair and nails are composed of the same thing
True!
Both are composed of dead keratinized cells
What is a functional unit called?
Neuron
Where does the coronary vessels of the heart emerge from?
base of the ascending aorta
Venous drainage of the heart VIA coronary sinus empties into where
Right atrium
Where does the exchange of materials between blood and tissue occur?
Primarily in capillary beds
What happens first when the heart beats?
Atria contracts, then the ventricles
The myocardium:
consists of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue
The tunica media of blood vessels:
contains smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibres
what does the lymphatic system do?
produces, maintains, and distributes lymphocytes
Which structure empties the venous system at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and subclavian vein?
Right lymphatic duct
True or false:
The thymus is large early in life then undergoes involution later in life.
True
Name 3 lymphoid tissues
tonsils, spleen, bone marrow, appendix
Where are lymphocytes produced and stored?
Spleen and thymus
which structures receives lymph from inferior region of abdomen and lower limbs?
Cisterna chyli
What does the cisterna chyli do?
Receives lymph from the inferior region of the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs
What occupies the greatest amount of representational space in the sensory homunculus?
Lips
Which structure acts as a rood over the cranial blood vessels
arachnoid mater
What part of the brain is responsible for conscious perception of auditory stimuli?
Temporal lobe
Describe association fibres on the brain
Intrahemispheric connections
What does the cerebellum do?
controls and ensure smooth movements and coordination
Where does the L5 spinal nerve emerge from?
inferior to the L5 vertebra
What is responsible for carrying discriminant touch information from the lower extremities?
Fasciculus gracilis
Where is the final destination for the posterior spinocerebellar tract
Cerebellar cortex on the same side as the stimulus
