Midterm 2 Flashcards by Alyssa Hildebrandt

The tongue muscle is innervanted by which nerve?

Hypoglossal nerve CNXII

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What is palatoglossus

Palate and the tongue

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What is the styloglossus

Styloid process and tongue

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What is hyoglossus

Hyoid and tongue

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What is the genioglossus

Mandible (chin) and tongue

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What does the Synergist do

Assist primary mover

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What does the antagonist do

Opposes movement; helps with controlling the flexor

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What are cutaneous membranes made of?

Epithelium and connective tissue
(Epidermis and dermis)

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Name the 3 accessory structures in the integumentary system

Exocrine glands, hair, and nails

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What is the largest organ in the body?

Skin (15%)

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What are the 5 major functions of the skin

Barrier, thermoregulation, sensation, metabolic functions, and social functions

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Name a way skin acts as a barrier

Sweat, UV protection, transdermal absorption, protects against harmful penetration, bears brunt of most injuries

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Name a metabolic function

Vitamin D synthesis, energy storage (subcutaneous fat)

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What are the 4 tissue types in the skin?

Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle (smooth), nerve

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Where are Merkel cells found?

In areas with no hair
IE. finger tips, lips

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What is a langerhans (dendritic) cell?

Type of macrophage that originates from bone marrow and migrates to epidermis. It is important in the immune system in response to pathogens penetrating the superficial layer

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What is the most outer layer of the skin?

Stratum Corneum

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True or false:
There are 5 layers of skin everywhere

False.
Only the palms and soles of the foot have an extra layer (stratum lucidum)

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Name the 5 stratums of the epidermis

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

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What is the name of the stratum only in hair-less areas (feet and palms)?

Stratum lucidum

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What forms the line of cleavage?

Collagen fibre bundles in the reticular layer of the dermis along lines of tension

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What does a 1st degree burn affect?

The epidermis

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What does a 2nd degree burn effect?

Epidermis and some dermis

What does a 3rd degree burn effect?

Everything all the way through to the hypodermis

What is the hypodermis?

The superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue that stabilizes skin to the underlying tissue. Loose connective tissue (stores fat -adipose)

What are the 3 mechanisms for secretion?

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine (Sweat, mammary, sebaceous)

Name the 4 types of exocrine cutaneous glands

Sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, mammary

What does the ceruminous gland do?

Secretes earwax (apocrine)

Which gland secretes oily lipids?

Sebaceous

What does the sweat gland secrete?

Water and electrolytes

How many hairs are lost per day on average?

70-100

What are the 3 types of hair?

Lanugo (fine/fetal), vellus (body surface), terminal (long + coarse)

Hair covers all body surfaces except _____

Volar skin.

True or false: Hair and nails are composed of the same thing

True! Both are composed of dead keratinized cells

What is a functional unit called?

Neuron

Where does the coronary vessels of the heart emerge from?

base of the ascending aorta

Venous drainage of the heart VIA coronary sinus empties into where

Right atrium

Where does the exchange of materials between blood and tissue occur?

Primarily in capillary beds

What happens first when the heart beats?

Atria contracts, then the ventricles

The myocardium:

consists of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue

The tunica media of blood vessels:

contains smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibres

what does the lymphatic system do?

produces, maintains, and distributes lymphocytes

Which structure empties the venous system at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and subclavian vein?

Right lymphatic duct

True or false: The thymus is large early in life then undergoes involution later in life.

True

Name 3 lymphoid tissues

tonsils, spleen, bone marrow, appendix

Where are lymphocytes produced and stored?

Spleen and thymus

which structures receives lymph from inferior region of abdomen and lower limbs?

Cisterna chyli

What does the cisterna chyli do?

Receives lymph from the inferior region of the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

What occupies the greatest amount of representational space in the sensory homunculus?

Lips

Which structure acts as a rood over the cranial blood vessels

arachnoid mater

What part of the brain is responsible for conscious perception of auditory stimuli?

Temporal lobe

Describe association fibres on the brain

Intrahemispheric connections

What does the cerebellum do?

controls and ensure smooth movements and coordination

Where does the L5 spinal nerve emerge from?

inferior to the L5 vertebra

What is responsible for carrying discriminant touch information from the lower extremities?

Fasciculus gracilis

Where is the final destination for the posterior spinocerebellar tract

Cerebellar cortex on the same side as the stimulus