Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IR 010 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are interests?

A

what actors want to achieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are interactions?

A

the ways choices of two or more actors combine to produce political outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are strategic interactions?

A

Each actors strategy or plan of action that depends on other actors strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an example of strategic interactions?

A

When Putin annexed Crimea from Ukraine, he expected that no one would step up for Ukraine. He made the same calculation when invading Ukraine but that same response didn’t occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does joint action for mutual gain occur?

A

When actors have a shared interest in achieving an outcome and must work together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a positiver sum game?

A

When at least one actor is better off and all other actors are at least the same to how they were before.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens when actors have individual interests?

A

It can cause cooperation to fail, even though their state has an interest in cooperating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a coordination problem?

A

A type of cooperation where actors benefit from working together and have no incentive not to comply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are coordination problems or collaboration problems easier to comply with?

A

Coordination problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a collaboration problem?

A

Actors gain from working together but have incentive not to comply with the agreement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the prisoner’s dilemma?

A

Two prisoners are offered reduced jail time to snitch on each other. If one snitches, they go to jail for one year, and the other goes to jail for ten years. If both snitch, they both go to jail for 2 years. If neither of them snitch, they both walk free.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is the prisoner’s dilemma a good model for collaboration problems?

A

It shows that even though both parties would be better off working together, they don’t know what the other party is going to do, and they gain from snitching on the other prisoner. Though they aren’t prisoners, deals between countries similarly fall apart because they don’t know what the other is going to do, and might gain from doing something else.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are sub-problems of collaboration problems?

A

Free riding and collective action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is bargaining?

A

An interaction where actors must choose outcomes that make one better off and one worse off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is bargaining an example of?

A

A zero sum game

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a zero sum gain?

A

When there is a fixed sum of value between actors, so where one gains, the other must lose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do most international interactions involve cooperation, bargaining, or both?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is power?

A

The ability to get an actor to do something they otherwise wouldn’t do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three methods of exercising power?

A

Coercion, outside options, and agenda setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is coercion?

A

When an actor threatens/punishes other actors who don’t do what they want.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are examples of coercion?

A

An kind of cost, usually economic sanctions or military power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do outside options mean for power in an interaction?

A

If you have multiple options, the reversion outcome is better for you than the other party, meaning you can get them to do more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does agenda setting do for power?

A

If you move first, you have the leverage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do international institutions help cooperation?

A

They facilitate interactions that otherwise wouldn’t have happened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Can international institutions enforce cooperation?

A

Because of anarchy, no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do international institutions make self-enforcement easier?

A

By setting standard for behavior, verifying compliance, reducing cost of joint decision making, and resolving disputes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a bargaining approach?

A

War is costly, a settlement should exist that all sides prefer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is it rational to go to war?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three kinds of bargaining problems?

A

Information problems, commitments problems, and indivisibility issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an information problem?

A

States cannot know the extent of each others true information and resolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What might a state do if they underestimate their opponent?

A

Give in too little or demand too much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why can’t states just tell each other their capabilities?

A

It is difficult to do this in a credible manner, they might think you’re bluffing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a credible threat?

A

A threat the recipient believe will be carried out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is it difficult to make credible threats?

A

Carrying through threats is costly and there are incentives to misrepresent information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do states make threats credible?

A

By communicating their resolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a costly signal?

A

An action someone with low resolve would not say

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is brinksmanship?

A

Raising the risk of accidental war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is arguably the most famous example of brinksmanship?

A

The Cuban missile crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is tying your hands?

A

Doing an action that would be impossible or too embarrassing to back down from later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a commitment problem?

A

States can’t trust each other to abide by agreements in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is preventative war?

A

War to prevent an adversary from becoming powerful in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a preemptive war?

A

A war fought with the anticipation that an attack is imminent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is issue indivisibility?

A

When an issue seems like it cannot be divided without destroying its value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is an alliance?

A

Institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event of war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the two main types of alliances?

A

Offensive and defensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is an asymmetric alliance?

A

When members have different responsibilities to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What percentage of alliances have been defensive?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

When do alliances form?

A

When states have compatible interests in the same outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How do interests to form an alliance arise?

A

Balancing of power concerns, bandwagoning on a powerful state, ideological similarities, shared identities, and cultural ties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do alliances do in a bargaining interaction?

A

They alter calculations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Are you more likely to go to war in an offensive alliance or a defensive alliance?

A

Offensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What can alliances do to help overcome information problems?

A

Signal capabilities and resolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How do alliances help establish credibility?

A

It is more likely allies will help each other, versus just cheap talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How do alliances establish credibility of their own?

A

Improve their ability to fight together, increase costs of abandonment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What do collective security organizations do?

A

Promote peace and security among members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What presumption are CSOs based on?

A

All states have an interest in preventing war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the goal of CSOs?

A

Ensuring changes to the status quo happen peacefully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

When is collective security triggered?

A

When a state attacks or threatens to attack another?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What happens after collective security is triggered?

A

Members determine if the act was illegal, and if it is, members are called on to act against the crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How can members of CMOs act against an illegal war?

A

Economic sanctions to full scale counter war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What do CMOs, like the UN, do besides acting against illegal wars?

A

Peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the dilemma of collective security?

A

There is a collective action problem, with the temptation to free ride, leading to understaffing and underfunding of CMOs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the dilemma of the UN Security Council?

A

They will act in bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the UNSCs bias?

A

A bias of inaction, the council will likely not agree and will not act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What happens if a member of the UNSC is the aggressor?

A

Nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is a nuclear weapon?

A

A bomb that uses nuclear energy in its explosion, the most deadly weapon ever created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the only state to ever use a nuclear weapon?

A

The US

68
Q

How many states have nuclear weapons?

A

Currently eight

69
Q

How many people did the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki kill?

A

225,000

70
Q

What is the paradox of the nuclear arms race?

A

Nuclear weapons are being built in great numbers, never to be used

71
Q

Why do some states pursue nuclear weapons?

A

When they face significant military threat that cannot be overcome by traditional means, when there are domestic political gains for policymakers, or for identity reasons

72
Q

Why does India seemingly have irrational nuclear policy?

A

They are not responding to security threats, but domestic pressures

73
Q

Why did France develop nuclear weapons, when almost no other state in Western Europe did?

A

Their identity was in being a strong military state, and they got their ass kicked in WWII and had to be saved by the allies, so they wanted to appear strong again

74
Q

Why did Ukraine give up its nuclear weapon arsenal, despite pressures not to, and the security threat on their border?

A

They wanted to appear to be a good state in the international stage

75
Q

Why is nuclear strategy critical for the future of humanity?

A

Because of the mass destruction of nuclear weapons

76
Q

What are policy options for nuclear weapons?

A

Use, nonuse, defense, deterrence, non proliferation, and disarmament

77
Q

What is the leading policy option for nuclear weapons?

A

Deterrance

78
Q

What is deterrence?

A

Discouraging an action through fear of its consequences

79
Q

How does one deter a nuclear attack?

A

By being able to credibly retaliate

80
Q

What is mutually assured destruction?

A

Each deterrent force must survive a first strike with sufficient capability to effectively retaliate during a second strike on the other country

81
Q

What is the Nash equilibrium in MAD?

A

There is no incentive to strike first, and no incentive to disarm

82
Q

Why do states adopt fail deadly procedures, or stockpile weapons beyond what is rational?

A

To give credibility, and establish MAD

83
Q

What is extended deterrence?

A

Alliances retaliate with a full blown nuclear attack if an ally is nuked

84
Q

Why is extended deterrence hard to commit to?

A

The allied state doesn’t want to be nuked in retaliation for their strike

85
Q

If MAD threats are suicidal, how are threats made credibly?

A

Through brinksmanship

86
Q

Why don’t states develop anti ballistic missile capabilities?

A

Because it removes the mutually assured destruction, and a state that developed it first wouldn’t have to worry about retaliation for attacks

87
Q

What is the goal of the NPT?

A

To prevent states from acquiring any more nuclear weapons

88
Q

What are the three pillars of the NPT?

A

Non proliferation, disarmament, and right to peaceful use

89
Q

How effective is the NPT?

A

Only three states have gotten nuclear weapons since (India, Pakistan, and North Korea)

90
Q

What would Waltz say about more countries developing nuclear programs?

A

Creates a stronger MAD world, balancing power globally, and preventing war

91
Q

What does Sagan say about more countries developing nuclear programs?

A

There is more potential for accidents and a higher likelihood weaponry falls into terrorist hands

92
Q

What is a civil war?

A

A war where the main participants are in the same state

93
Q

What are the two basic sources of civil war?

A

Grievance and greed

94
Q

What is a grievance?

A

Government discrimination against a group of people

95
Q

What is greed?

A

A group’s desire to control more of the country’s resources

96
Q

What are the three options dissatisfied groups have?

A

Leave the state, alter policies, and try to take over the state

97
Q

What is a group who wants to leave a state called?

A

A separatist group

98
Q

Do most separatist movements succeed?

A

No

99
Q

How do groups alter policies?

A

Through violence

100
Q

What are the best examples of overthrowing governments?

A

African groups overthrowing oppressive apartheid regimes

101
Q

What are some group level factors that can cause violence within a state?

A

Strong religious beliefs, religious or ethnic identity, access to resources, greater trust on ethnic lines

102
Q

What are some country level factors that can cause violence within a state?

A

political access, capacity for repression, level of wealth, geography, population

103
Q

What are some international level factors that can cause violence within a state?

A

Foreign military/financial support

104
Q

What is terrorism?

A

The use or threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or non state groups for political ends

105
Q

Why might some argue that being a terrorist is irrational?

A

They have extremist interests, it is very personally costly to become a terrorist, and attacks sometimes appear to be random

106
Q

What are the four keys of domestic terrorism, according to the United States?

A

An act must be dangerous to human life, violate US/state law, intended to intimidate, and occurs in the United States

107
Q

Why might a suicide bomber be rational?

A

It is easier to set it off at the best time and kill the most people when there is a human there controlling the bomb

108
Q

Why are random terrorist attacks rational?

A

They make people afraid all the time, and have them pressure their policymakers to give in

109
Q

What is the consequence of terrorist groups holding extremist views?

A

They will always have low levels of support

110
Q

Why do terrorist engage in asymmetric warfare?

A

If they were to take a state on militarily, they would be easily defeated, since they have so few members and so few resources

111
Q

Why do terrorist organizations operate in cells?

A

So they are harder to defeat

112
Q

What are the strategies of violence terrorists use?

A

Coercion, provocation, spoiling, and outbidding

113
Q

What is coercion?

A

A threat/attack in order to change policy

114
Q

What must a coercive threat the terrorists make have?

A

It must impose costs, and it must be credible

115
Q

What is provocation?

A

An attack to provoke a government to respond harshly, turning people against the government

116
Q

What is spoiling?

A

Preventing moderates from succeeding, preventing agreements

117
Q

What is outbidding?

A

Multiple terrorist groups competing for support of the people

118
Q

What is humanitarian intervention?

A

Where states intervene militarily to protect the lives of civilians other than their own

119
Q

What are the challenges of humanitarian intervention?

A

Violates principle of sovereignty, requires states to act with no interest concerned, requires cooperation if multilateral, and often goes against the interests of other states

120
Q

What do liberals say about humanitarian intervention?

A

States have a moral obligation to act

121
Q

What happened in Somalia in the early 90s?

A

The US withdrew after the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to resentment of the authoritarian government an a poor economy. Civil war broke out, with a famine threatening millions of lives

122
Q

What happened when UNOSOM was first launched?

A

It was purely an aid mission, so they couldn’t defend themselves, and 80% of the food aid they were bringing to Somalia was stolen

123
Q

How was UNOSOM changed to get the food to the people?

A

They were given an enforcement mandate

124
Q

How did the Somalian mission creep?

A

They couldn’t end the famine without ending the civil war first

125
Q

What was black hawk down?

A

US black hawks were shot down on a mission to kill a war lord, and the bodies of American soldiers were dragged through the streets while Somalian people cheered

126
Q

Why do liberals say the US intervened in Somalia?

A

Lot of optimism about cooperation after the Cold War, and Bush was a lame duck president, so he could do what he thought was right

127
Q

What happened after the US withdrawal from Somalia?

A

The civil war continues to rage on today, thirty years later

128
Q

How did the Rwandan Civil War begin?

A

The economy collapsed, and groups formed along ethnic lines, and the RPF (Tutsis) attacked the Rwandan military (mostly Hutus)

129
Q

Why did the Tutsis start the Civil War?

A

Grievance, they had been discriminated against since the president had taken over twenty years earlier

130
Q

What was the Interahamwe?

A

A militia group of civilian Hutus

131
Q

How did the Civil War in Rwanda initially end?

A

Foreign governments forced a peace treaty and demanded a government shared by Hutus and Tutsis

132
Q

What was the initial agreement ending the Rwandan civil war called?

A

The Arusha Accords

133
Q

What was UNAMIR?

A

A UN peacekeeping force designed to ensure the Arusha Accords were kept

134
Q

Why was UNAMIR weak?

A

They could not use force if violence broke out

135
Q

What ended the peace of the Arusha Accords?

A

The President’s plane was shot down by an unknown perpetrator (either Tutsis dissatisfied with his discrimination, or Hutu extremists hoping to end the moderate rule)

136
Q

What did the Interhamwe do after the assassination of the president?

A

They targeted and killed Hutu moderates and Tutsis

137
Q

What was the event that crippled UNAMIR?

A

10 Belgian soldiers were killed by Interhamwe, leading to the Belgians pulling out altogether

138
Q

What was the troop total of UNAMIR after Belgium, France, and the United States pulled out?

A

450 troops

139
Q

Why did the genocide end in Rwanda?

A

The RPF successfully overthrew the government

140
Q

Why did technology contribute to the Rwandan genocide?

A

Popular government sponsored radio stations broadcasted messages to the citizens to kill all Tutsis

141
Q

What could the international community have done to prevent the Rwandan genocide?

A

Sent troops to Rwanda during the early period of the genocide to stop most of it from taking place

142
Q

Why was it difficult to organize a response to Rwanda?

A

Logistics of sending troops, lack of political will (right after Somalia), and the question of whether the west knew there was a genocide

143
Q

How was Yugoslavia first formed?

A

In 1918, the Ottoman/Hapsburg empire broke up, and in WWII there was a mass Civil War in the region over supporting Hitler (Croats), the allies (Serb nationalists), or communists (Tito)

144
Q

Who won the civil war in Yugoslavia in WWII?

A

Tito

145
Q

What was Yugoslavia like under Tito?

A

He ruled with an iron fist, making sure the people identified with Yugoslavia, and him, before their ethnic groups

146
Q

What are the republics and provinces of Yugoslavia?

A

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Hertzegovina, Serbia, N. Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Vojvodina

147
Q

What happened in Yugoslavia after Tito died?

A

The lid was removed on oppression of ethnic identities and ethnic groups started wanting more power

148
Q

How did Milosovec first rise to power?

A

He gave a voice to Serbs in Kosovo who wanted to remain part of Serbia

149
Q

What happened when Croatia decided to declare independence from Yugoslavia?

A

The Serbs in the area became enraged, and the Croat-Serb War broke out

150
Q

Why was the Croat-Serb War particularly brutal?

A

Croats and Serbs were mass executing one another

151
Q

Who won the Croat Serb War and what was the result?

A

The Croats won, but the economy was destroyed and thousands died or fled the state

152
Q

What was the European reaction to the Croat-Serb War?

A

Germany demanded Croatia be recognized as an independent sate, while Bosnia was worried about what the war meant for them

153
Q

What did the UN do when Bosnia asked for help before the war broke out?

A

Declined their request

154
Q

What happened in the Bosnian-Serb War?

A

Bosnian Serbs mass slaughtered Bosnian muslims, ethnic cleansing became the term to describe what was happening

155
Q

What are some methods for ethnic cleansing?

A

Forced migration, eliminating ability to fight back, terrorizing group to make reconciliation impossible (mass rape), and genocide

156
Q

What was the international reaction to the Bosnian ethnic cleansing?

A
  1. Moral condemnation/economic sanctions
  2. UN attempt to broker peace
  3. US proposal of a lift and strike strategy to supply Bosnian muslims with arms and strike Serb bases
  4. Europe and NATO disagreeing with military intervention
157
Q

Why was UNPROFOR useless?

A

They had a mandate to enforce a peace that didn’t exists and they could not use force

158
Q

What event especially shows how useless UNPROFOR was?

A

The Srebenica Massacre

159
Q

Why did the tide turn against Serbia in the Bosnian war?

A

Iran and Croatia joined against the Serbs, and NATO started striking their bases

160
Q

Why did the US demand an immediate ceasefire in the Bosnian Croat War, when they could’ve won totally?

A

They didn’t want to much for the Serbs (remember the Treaty of Versailles)

161
Q

What sparked the Kosovo War?

A

Kosovo Albanians wanted to break off from the Serbian government

162
Q

What did the Serbian government try to do to the Kosovo Albanians?

A

Ethnically cleanse them

163
Q

Why couldn’t the Serbs ethnically cleanse in Kosovo like they did in Bosnia?

A

The international reaction was swift, and the violence had to stop almost immediately

164
Q

How do realists explain the differences in intervention?

A

State interests and acting when the hegemon takes the lead

165
Q

How do liberals explain the differences in intervention?

A

Domestic politics and public opinion towards intervention, effectiveness of international institutions, and learning

166
Q

How do marxists explain the differences in intervention?

A

Interests of powerful corporations (but not a lot of interests in many states that were intervened in), military industrial complex, natural resources

167
Q

How do constructivists explain the differences in intervention?

A

Common identity with the target state, strength of the norm, and racist ideologies

IR 010 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions