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Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways we could define power from the Power and Health documentary

A
  • Definition 1: One’s ability to act/ achieve a purpose

- Definition 2: One’s ability to impose your will upon others

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2
Q

6 examples of how power can manifest itself

A
  1. Violence
  2. Money
  3. Government
  4. Collective Action
  5. Ideas/ Culture
  6. Social Norms
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3
Q

What are the 6 dimensions of health? What is an example of each?

A
  1. Physical functioning -> Mobility, everyday activity
  2. Mental health -> Emotional state, feelings of anxiety, depression
  3. Social well- being -> Integration into a network
  4. Role functioning-> Keeping up with responsibilities
  5. General health perceptions -> Self- assessment
  6. Presence of symptoms -> Report of pain/ presence of feelings
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4
Q

What are 4 sources of health (where do ideas of health come from)?

A
  1. Governmental: Policies
  2. Sociocultural: Proscriptions for behaviors around eating, drinking, and sexual activity
  3. Biomedical: Physiologically- based malfunction and corresponding treatment
  4. Commercial/ consumer:
    Magazines, products, gyms, clothes
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5
Q

What is the definition of proximate risk factors?

A

Health- related individual factors

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6
Q

What are some examples of proximate risk factors?

A
  1. Diet/ Nutrition
  2. Exercise/ Activities
  3. Safety: EX: Lead exposure in Philly
  4. Air
  5. Use of tobacco and alcohol
  6. Control of stress/ stressors
  7. Other aspects of lifestyle
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7
Q

When talking about stress as a proximate risk factor, what are the two main kinds of stressors and what affect do they have on the body?

A
  1. Acute stressors: Perceived threat activates hypothalamus (aka body’s alarm) -> Adrenaline and cortisol get released
  2. Chronic stress: increases risk of anxiety, depression, heart disease, etc.
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8
Q

What are fundamental causes?

A

Underlying social conditions

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9
Q

What are some examples of fundamental causes?

A
  • Social inequalities: Class, race, gender. sexuality
  • Exposure to stressful life events
  • Access to supportive social support networks that put people at “risk of risks”
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10
Q

In terms of ecology of disadvantage, what is a negative impact of environment and what are some examples?

A
  • Differential distribution of risk and hazard in the environment
  • Physical: “Chemical agents, pollutants, viruses, and bacteria…Quality and arrangement of built and natural features)
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11
Q

In terms of ecology of disadvantage, what is a positive impact of environment and what are some examples?

A
  • Differential distribution of protection in the environment
  • Social: Social networks, personal responsibility for others, surveillance, institutional participation
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12
Q

What are 3 examples of how a pollutant can impact health

A
  • Exposure to carbon monoxide: Can lead to cardiovascular disease
  • Exposure to lead: Can lead to cardiovascular disease and issues with brain development, including learning deficits and behavioral problems
  • Exposure to nitrogen dioxide: Can lead to asthma and respiratory diseases
  • Exposure to sulfur dioxide: Asthma and respiratory diseases
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13
Q

What are 3 features of a neighborhood associated with heat vulnerability found in neighborhoods that HOLC designated with a higher “risk” score?

A
  • Dark roofs
  • Low/ no mature tree canopy
  • No street trees
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14
Q

Which groups have less beach access in Detroit Metropolitan area?

A

There is less beach access for tracts and groups with:

 - Lower median housing value
 - Lower educational attainment
 - Higher levels of non vehicle ownership
 - Higher levels of elderly populations
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15
Q

What is green gentrification?

A

What occurs when “displacement is followed by ‘green and white arrival” -> Less affluent individuals and communities of color continue to experience displacement, but under the disguise of environmental improvement

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16
Q

What is Monsanto? (7)

A

A multinational company based out of St. Louis with approximately 140 million acres of farmland in US and millions of acreage in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, China, Paraguay, and South Africa

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17
Q

What are some examples of Monsanto’s impact on food?

A
  • Genetically modified/ engineered transgenic foods like soybeans, corn, cotton, and rapeseed
  • Genetic traits of these foods were patented by Monsanto
  • 70% of these GMOs are resistant to Roundup (a patented herbicide of Monsanto)
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18
Q

What impact did Monsanto’s change to food have on health?

A
  • Development of antibiotic-resistant diseases
  • New allergies
  • Metabolic changes
  • Environmental hazards
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19
Q

What is the precautionary principle like in U.S. in comparison to E.U. policy

A
  • 60,000 chemicals commonly used in U.S. that have NOT been tested for the effects, because these types of safety tests are only conducted when a chemical is suspected to be harmful to humans. Sometimes it takes decades of research to sufficiently prove -> Example: Environmental Defense Fund estimates that thousands of children endured lead poisoning waiting for sufficient proof
  • In contrast, the E.U. requires safety tests before any use of industrial chemicals
20
Q

What are two examples of how cohesive neighborhoods can impact health?

A
  1. Provide emotional support, climates full of encouragement and mutual respect that results in positive psychosocial process
  2. Provides mental health promoting norms that results in positive and desirable behaviors
21
Q

What are 2 problems that make pain something difficult to treat?

A
  1. Difficult to measure

2. Tied to powerful substances that are regulated

22
Q

3 examples of how pain distribution or treatment are unequal (e.g., racialized, gendered, or classed)

A
  1. Hegemonic masculinity, feminity, and articulating pain
  2. Biomedical racism and perceptions of pain
  3. Classed pain burdens and language
23
Q

What is the definition of cultural health capital?

A

“certain socially-transmitted and differentially distributed skills and resources are critical to the ability to effectively engage and communicate with clinical providers” (Shim 2010: 1-2)

24
Q

What did we learn about in Center that related to cultural capital?

A

We learn to hold specific tastes, values, and dispositions in our upbringing, that are then differentially rewarded in society

25
What is the definition of health promotion?
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health -> Moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions
26
What are the 3 main critiques of health promotion?
Structural, surveillance, and consumption
27
What are the structural critiques of health promotion? (4)
1. Fails to account for structural disadvantages in people’s lives 2. Blames victims 3. May earmark particular social groups as “targets” of “deviant behavior” 4. May unintentionally promote ableism by stigmatizing or invoking the “badness” of accidents and illness
28
What are the surveillance critiques of health promotion? (2)
1. Serves to monitor and regulate populations ->EX: Diet apps and fit bits 2. Constructs new identities -> EX: The health promoting “self,” genomic designation and the “risk profile”
29
What are the consumption critiques of health promotion? (2)
1. Contributes to various aspects of “body maintenance” and “image” that are classed, racialized, gendered, ableist, and heteronormative 2. Market particular lifestyles and security -> EX: Volvo and extra virgin olive oil
30
Epidemiological transition
How life expectancy can change depending on epidemiology -> people now live longer lives; used to be burdened by infections whereas now chronic diseases are more prevalent
31
Mortality
life expectancy rates (deaths per capita)
32
Morbidity
disease burden (rates of disease in a population)
33
Direction of Causation
what comes first with health disparities; do individuals start of with less resources and then ends up sick, or the other way around
34
What is the general definition of political economy of health?
Has to do with the way governments structure the distribution of healthcare goods and services to their population
35
What is the general definition of a political economy?
In general, a political economy has to do with the political decisions made about how to run and operate an economy and how the government structures the distribution of any good or service
36
What is one example of political economy of health and social murder from the 1800s/1900s?
Capitalism = social murder bc the bourgousie are profiting and allowing people to die and get sick off of those profits ->EX: Employers of factories were, bc of the working conditions of these factories, how much they were working, and how little they were getting paid, going home to live in 1800/1900 in the US in industrial cities that were overcrowded and unsanitary,
37
What is one example of political economy of health and social murder from the present day?
- People compare COVID to social murder as well: -Putting a lense on how the US government responded at the start of the pandemic - On a national scale there was very little protection of the employees, but the interests of employers were looked out for - CDC changing quarantine time from 2 weeks, to 10 days, to 5 days, to no days to keep benefit employers - Healthcare workers still had to come in with COVID!
38
When talking about the political economy of health, under the conditions of capitalism what are considered privileges when they should be considered rights?
- Housing/ not being evicted | - Healthcare
39
Neighborhoods in Philly with low food access and high poverty
Certain parts of South Philly, North Philly, Kensington, Germantown
40
What are 2 programs that work to combat food access and insecurity?
1. SNAP (supplemental nutrition assistance program) ->EBT: electronic benefits transfer; credit card equivalent to money to spend on groceries; artifact of welfare system changes, earmarking $ rather than cash transfers 2. WIC (special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children) 3. Other programs: food fit philly, food connect, food trust in philadelphia
41
What is neighborhood cohesion related to?
- Related to the concept of “social cohesion” which captures the degree to which a group of people feel integrated in terms of values, trust, and norms of reciprocity such as taking in trash cans, borrowing sugar, mutual aid - Related also to “social leverage” (opportunities beyond neighborhood similar to Hunter’s study)
42
2 examples of how cohesive neighborhoods can impact health
1. Provides emotional support, climate of encouragement & mutual respect; positive psychosocial processes 2. Promotes/ induces mental health-promoting norms; positive desirable behaviors
43
What are 3 examples of how homogenous ethnic composition of a neighborhood can impact health?
1. Decreased exposure to discrimination 2. Increased social support 3. Culturally- specific institutions and services
44
What are two examples/ perspective of how heterogenous ethnic composition of a neighborhood can impact health?
1. Race-out-of-place perspective: witnessing stigmatizing and dehumanizing police practices against racial minorities in white-majority neighborhoods heightens illness consequences (less but jarring) 2. Racial threat perspective: witnessing stigmatizing and dehumanizing police practices against racial minorities in social minority neighborhoods heightens illness consequences (more and cynicism-making)
45
According to Rubin et al., "good" patients are:
- Compliant - Proactive - Knowledgeable - Grateful - Engenders positive feelings - Comfortability in interaction
46
According to Rubin et al., "bad" patients are:
- Uncommunicative - Aggressive or rude - Unknowledgeable - Engender feelings of powerlessness and frustration - Less sympathetic
47
How does "good" CHC and "bad" CHC displays, in the context of the urban safety net hospital, impact their care?
- “Good patients being afforded more time, care and appreciation that bad patients are thought not to deserve or want” - Matters for how healthcare workers interact with people who might be engaging with substance use and need their help - Healthcare workers learn the good and bad patient, rewarding a particular form of CHC

Urban Health (1 decks)

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