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Kin 2CC3 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

During maximal exercise, as time increases, intensity _______ and demand for ATP______ (increases or decreases)

A

decreases, decreases

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2
Q

During the first minute of maximal exercise, which metabolism pathway is being used the most?

A

Anaerobic (no oxygen)

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3
Q

At 2 minutes of maximal exercise, what is the energy contribution?

A

50% aerobic, 50% anaerobic

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4
Q

During the first 10 seconds of maximal exercise, what is the % energy contribution? (anaerobic and aerobic)

A

85% anaerobic, 15% aerobic

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5
Q

When does the glycolytic pathway take over?

A

30 seconds of maximal exercise

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6
Q

Which anaerobic metabolic system trumps for the first 10 seconds of maximal exercise?

A

phosphagen system

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7
Q

Duration of maximal exercise & example event…
(Phos / Glyc / Oxid)
85/10/5

A

5 sec & 40 m dash

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8
Q

% energy contribution at 30 seconds at maximal exercise

Phos / Glyc / Oxid

A

30/50/20

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9
Q

% energy contribution during 1500m run

Phos / Glyc / Oxid

A

<1 /20/80

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10
Q

1 PCr yields how much ATP?

A

1 ATP

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11
Q

1 Lac yields how much ATP?

A

1.5 ATP

1 glycogen = 2 Lac + 3 ATP

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12
Q

What is the direct way to measure aerobic metabolism?

A

calorimetry (heat)

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13
Q

What is the indirect way to measure aerobic metabolism?

A

spirometry (air)

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14
Q

Open circuit or closed circuit?

Which one determines O2 consumption AND CO2 production?

A

Open circuit

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15
Q

“quantification of energy production by the body”?

A

calorimetry

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16
Q

Oxygen uptake of 1.0 L = ____ kcal ?

A

5 kcal

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17
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed

VCO2/VO2

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18
Q

Is glucose or palmitate more O2 efficient?

A

Glucose
RER = 6/6 = 1
38 ATP/ 6 O2 = 6.3

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19
Q

% of CHO and fat when RER = 1.00

A

100% CHO, 0% Fat

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20
Q

% of CHO and fat when RER = 0.85

A

50% CHO, 50% Fat

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21
Q

What’s the RER when % CHO = 0 and % Fat = 100

A

0.70

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22
Q

Assumptions of RER

A
  • no protein contribution

- steady-state conditions

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23
Q

Limitations of RER

A
  • hyperventilation

- intense exercise

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24
Q

As CO2 increases, RER______

A

increases

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25
Q

VO2

A

volume of O2 consumed per minute

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26
Q

Absolute VO2

A

actual amount of O2 being used

L/min or ml/min

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27
Q

Relative VO2

A

relative to body mass

ml/kg/min

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28
Q

average absolute resting VO2

A

250 mL/min

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29
Q

average relative resting VO2

A

3.5 mL/kg/min

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30
Q

1 MET = ?

A

3.5 mL/kg/min

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31
Q

maximal rate of O2 consumption by the body…

A

VO2 max

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32
Q

reflects highest rate of oxidative metabolism…

A

VO2 max

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33
Q

VO2 max determinants

A
  • O2 delivery to muscles

- O2 utilization by muscles

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34
Q

Which VO2 max determinant is limiting?

A

O2 delivery to mucles

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35
Q

Which system?

O2 delivery to muscles

A

cardiorespiratory system

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36
Q

Which system?

O2 utilization by muscles

A

mitochondrial conent

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37
Q

Criteria for determining VO2 max

A
  1. Plateau in VO2
  2. Reach age-predicted max HR
  3. High blood [lactate] - 8x rest
  4. RER > 1.1 (oxidative metabolism maxed out)
  5. Voluntary exhaustion
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38
Q

“the exercise intensity at which there is an abrupt increase in blood [lactate]”

A

the lactate threshold

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39
Q

The lactate threshold reflects ability to sustain_______ metabolism

A

oxidative

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40
Q

At what %VO2max does lactate threshold occur at?

A

60% of an individuals VO2max

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41
Q

Why does lactate threshold occur?

A

oxidative system is starting to not being able to maintain the demand on its own easily, metabolic by-products are building up

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42
Q

Is muscle [lactate] faster than blood?

A

yes

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43
Q

Factors affecting muscle lactate

A
  1. oxygen availability
  2. enzyme activity
  3. muscle fibre type
  4. muscle lactate transporters
  5. sympathetic nervous system activity
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44
Q

What metabolic pathway includes slow-twitch muscle fibres?

A

oxidative metabolism

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45
Q

What metabolic pathway includes fast-twitch muscle fibres?

A

non-oxidative metabolism

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46
Q

Does muscle [lactate] increase or decrease when there are not a lot of muscle lactate transporters?

A

increases

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47
Q

catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system hormones

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48
Q

Which sympathetic nervous system hormone breaks down carbs

A

catecholamines

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49
Q

What measures are important for the performance of endurance athletes? (Performance VO2)

A
  1. VO2 max
  2. Lactate threshold
  3. Efficiency
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50
Q

True or false…

Is having a high lactate threshold less favourable for performance VO2?

A

False

  • having a high lactate threshold is more favourable because they can exercise for a longer period of time
  • more O2 efficient
  • can perform ar a higher workload
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51
Q

Four main fuels for exercise

A
  1. muscle glycogen
    - fast source of energy
  2. blood glucose
    - coming from the liver
    - gluconeogenesis
  3. muscle triglyceride
  4. blood fatty acid
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52
Q

Which TWO fuels stay fairly constant as exercise intensity (%VO2max) increases? (Blood glucose, muscle glycogen, Plasma FFA, Muscle TG)

A

blood glucose and muscle TG

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53
Q

As intensity increases, which fuel increases?

A

carbs

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54
Q

At 25% VO2 max, which fuel dominates?

A

fats (plasma FFA)

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55
Q

At 50% VO2max, what’s the percentage of carbs and fats fuel usage?

A

50% carbs, 50% fats

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56
Q

Why does plasma FFA decrease as intensity increases?

A

decrease blood flow to adipose tissue compared to active skeletal muscle

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57
Q

When expressed as rate of energy use (kcal/min), at what %VO2max does plasma FFA maximize?

A

50% VO2 max

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58
Q

When expressed as rate of energy use (kcal/min), which fuels increase as intensity increases? (blood glucose, muscle glycogen, plasma FFA, muscle TG)

A

blood glucose, muscle glycogen, muscle TG,

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59
Q

Determine the rate of energy use @25% VO2max when VO2 = 1.0 L/min

A

5 kcal/min

1.0 L x 5kcal / L O2

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60
Q

Over time, during aerobic activity, which energy source do we rely on?

A

fats (plasma FFA) ——> RER will go down

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61
Q

When aerobic exercise time increases (prolonged exercise), muscle TG _______ and plasma FFA_______ (increases or decreases)

A

decreases, increases

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62
Q

How do researchers determine specific fuel use?

A
  1. Measure overall rate of energy use (VO2)
  2. Determine % CHO and % Fat use (RER)
  3. Measure muscle glycogen utilization (biopsy)
  4. Measure muscle uptake of FFA (A-V catheters)
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63
Q

“the combined activity of tissues which regulate hormone release and control bodily function”

A

neuroendocrinology

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64
Q

chemical substance secreted into body fluids, with specific effects on local or distant target tissues

A

hormone

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65
Q

sources of hormones

A
  • endocrine glands
  • nerve fibres (SNS)
  • other tissues (kidneys)
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66
Q

Does norepinephrine increase or decrease HR?

A

increase

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67
Q
  • derived from protein
  • soluble —–> faster acting
  • never entered a cell, just binds to transporters
A

peptide

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68
Q
  • derived from lipid (cholesterol)
  • insoluble ——> slower acting
  • includes sex hormones (testosterone + estrogen)
  • enters cell
A

steroids

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69
Q

Major functions related to exercise

A
  • alter enzyme activity
  • alter membrane transport
  • alter protein synthesis rate
70
Q

alter enzyme activity (P or S)

A

peptide

- hormones turn on enzymes of metabolic pathways

71
Q

alter membrane transport (P or S)

A

peptide

- insulin triggers glucose transporters to increase rate of glucose uptake from the blood

72
Q

alter protein synthesis rate (P or S)

A

steroid

73
Q

Insulin:
Site of release_____
Primary action_____

A
  • pancreas (beta cells)
  • increases glucose/FFA/AA uptake
  • increase glycogen/TG/ pro syn
  • decreases lipolysis
74
Q

Does insulin have a catabolic or anabolic role

A

anabolic role (building things with exercise)

75
Q

Hormone:______

Site of release: pancreas (alpha cells)

A

glucagon

76
Q

Does glucagon have a anabolic or catabolic role?

A

catabolic (breaking things down)

77
Q

Whats the primary action of glucagon?

A
  • increase liver glycogenolysis (stimulates glycogen phosphorylase)
  • increase gluconeogenesis
78
Q

Epinephrine:
Site of release:_______
Primary actions:_______

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • increase muscle glycogenolysis (stimulates glycogen phosphorylase)
  • increase lipolysis (muscle + adipose) (stimulate HSL)
79
Q

Hormone:______
Site of release: SNS fibres, adrenal medulla
Primary Action:________

A
  • norepinephrine
  • increase in lipolysis (adipose) (stimulates HSL)
  • increases cardiorespiratory function (increases HR, more oxygen to working muscles)
80
Q

Effect of exercise intensity on key blood hormones (glycogen, norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin)

A
  • increase in glycogen, norepinephrine epinephrine (slight increase)
  • decrease in insulin because of anabolic role
81
Q

Explain the Cyclic AMP (cAMP) “Second Messenger” System

A
  1. a hormone in the blood binds to a receptor on the cell membrane
  2. the G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  3. adenylate cyclase breaks down ATP ——> cAMP
  4. cAMP activates ACTIVE protein kinase
  5. this stimulates a cellular response (turns on/off enzymes)
82
Q

What are the three possible cellular responses due to the cAMP system?

A
  1. Epi increases muscle glycogenolysis
  2. Epi/NE increases lipolysis (muscle, adipose)
  3. Glucagon increases liver glycogenolysis
83
Q

Does GLUT-1 have a high uptake rate?

A

No

84
Q

Explain the stimulation of muscle glucose uptake during exercise

A
  1. As contraction occurs, calcium is increased in the muscle

2. Increase in calcium moves GLUT-4 pool to the plasma membrane to transport glucose into the muscle

85
Q

Does insulin have the same role as Ca2+ regarding muscle glucose uptake during exercise?

A

Yes, they both move GLUT-4 pool to the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle

86
Q

What determines insulin “seen” by muscles?

A
  • blood concentration

- muscle blood flow

87
Q

As exercise increases, does insulin concentration increase or decrease?

A

Insulin concentration decreases, however, there is a significant increase in blood because of increase in blood flow during exercise

88
Q

How do we maintain blood [glucose] during exercise?

A
  1. Minimize glucose use by less active tissues
    - decrease [insulin], decrease blood flow
  2. Mobilize alternative fuels to glucose
    - increase [norepi] (increase FFA from adipose)
  3. Stimulate muscle glycogen use
    - increase [epi] (increase phos activity, glycogen phosphorylase)
  4. Release glucose from liver sources
    - increase [glucagon] (glycogenolysis/ gluconeogenesis)
89
Q

Do mitochondria increase in number and size due to aerobic training?

A

yes

90
Q

True or false?

During aerobic training, oxidative enzymes (PDH, CPT, betaHAD) in the mitochondria decrease

A

False

- they increase

91
Q

During aerobic training does CHO use increase or decrease?

A

DECREASE

92
Q

Does lactate threshold increase or decrease during aerobic training?

A

increases

93
Q

True or false:

A trained person can reach the same RER at a much higher workload

A

True

- RER values are lower for aerobically trained individuals

94
Q

True or False:

at the same [La], a trained person is allowed to do more work

A

true, lactate threshold increases for trained individuals

95
Q

Why does RER decrease at a given workload during aerobic training?

A
  • decrease workload per mito
  • increase lipid delivery to mito
  • increase enzymes for lipid oxidation
  • decrease stimulation of CHO use (epi)
96
Q

Why does [La] decrease at a given workload

A
  • increase in mitochondria
  • increase in [La] clearance
  • increase in pyruvate oxidation
  • decrease pyruvate production
97
Q

What are the 3 components of the CV system?

A
  1. Heart (pump)
  2. Vasculature (tubing)
  3. Blood (fluid medium)
98
Q

What are the 3 major CV adjustments to acute exercise?

A
  1. Cardiac output (Q) increased
  2. Q redistributed throughout body
  3. Tissues adjust rate of O2 removal from blood
99
Q

Which heart valve?

Regulate flow within heart (between atria and ventricles)

A

atrioventricular (AV) valve

100
Q

Which heart valve?

Regulate flow out of heart (into pulmonary and systemic circulation)

A

semilunar (SL) vales

101
Q

the pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

102
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

103
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

104
Q

ST segment

A

ventricular repolarization

105
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

106
Q

“the events that occur between successive heart beats”

A

the cardiac cycle

107
Q

which two components of the heart changes the pressure and volume?

A

systole and diastole

108
Q

contraction phase

A

systole

109
Q

relaxation phase

A

diastole

110
Q

How long is your cardiac cycle if HR = 75 bpm?

A

60 sec/75 bpm = 0.8 sec

111
Q

How long is your cardiac cycle if HR = 75 bpm?

A

60 sec/75 bpm = 0.8 sec

112
Q

During rest, what’s the percentage of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) for one cycle of a heartbeat?

A 
systole = 40%
diastole = 60%
113
Q

During exercise, what’s the percentage of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) for one cycle of a heartbeat?

A 
systole = 60%
diastole = 40%
114
Q

During exercise, relaxation time of the heart_________ and the amount of blood coming back to the heart__________ (increases or decreases)

A

decreases, increases

115
Q

What happens in ventricular filling?

A
  • blood returning to the right atrium
  • ventricular pressure is low
  • AV vale is open
  • semilunar valve is closed
116
Q

4 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. ventricular filling
  2. isovolumetric contraction
  3. ventricular ejection
  4. isovolumetric relaxation
117
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle?

  • increase in pressure in ventricles
  • ALL VALVES ARE CLOSED
  • no volume changes
A

isovolumetric contraction

118
Q

What happens in ventricular ejection?

A
  • semilunar valves opens
  • AV VALVE CLOSED
  • blood is pumped out
119
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle?

  • no volume changes
  • pressure drops dramatically in ventricle
A

isovolumetric relaxation

120
Q

Formula for stroke volume

A

EDV-ESV

121
Q

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

A

end diastolic volume (EDV)

122
Q

stretch on ventricles due to filling

A

preload

123
Q

Trained rest EDV

A

120 mL

124
Q

volume of blood ejected from ventricles per beat

A

stroke volume (SV)

125
Q

Untrained rest EDV

A

70 mL

126
Q

ejection fraction

A

proportion of the blood that’s pumped out of the heart per beat
SV/EDV = (rest) 70/120 = %60

127
Q

As exercise intensity increases, EDV________ (increases or decreases)

A

increases

- more blood is being filled in the heart

128
Q

As exercise intensity increases, ESV__________ (increases or decreases)

A

decreases

  • more blood being pumped out of the heart
  • less leftover blood
129
Q

As exercise intensity increases, SV_________ (increases or decreases)

A

increases

  • EDV increases, ESV decreases
  • more blood pumped out per beat
130
Q

Does EDV increase or decrease with training?

A

increases

- can hold more blood

131
Q

Muscle pump

A

contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes veins and promotes venous return to the heart

132
Q

“within physiological limits, the force generated by contracting ventricle is greater when the muscle is previously stretched”

A

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

133
Q

increase EDV—->________stretch on the walls—-> increase force of contraction—-> ________SV

A

increase, increase

134
Q

Formula for cardiac output (Q)

A

Q= HR x SV

135
Q

True or false:

cardiac output increases with training

A

FALSE

  • stays the same
  • resting HR decreases, SV increases (because of increase in EDV and ejection fraction)
136
Q

Is HRmax fixed or adjustable?

A

fixed

~220-age

137
Q

How is SVmax “semi-adjustable”?

A

genetics & training

138
Q

At what %VO2max does SV in untrained people plateau?

A

~50% VO2max

139
Q

Relationship between workload and VO2max

A

linear relationship

140
Q

The relationship between HR and workload is NOT linear under _____bpm

A

110 bpm

141
Q

Assumptions when using HR to predict VO2max

A
  1. Linear relation between HR and workload

2. HRmax= 220-age

142
Q

Karvonen formula

A 
HRR = HRmax - Resting HR
THR = Resting HR + (% HRR)
143
Q

Heart rate reserve

A
  • range of HR that you can change

- how much you can go up in HR during exercise

144
Q

%HRmax_________ workload (underestimates or overestimates)

A

underestimates

- HRmax is accurate at 90% or greater %VO2 max

145
Q

2 regulatory influences of cardiac output

A
  1. chronotropic

2. inotropic

146
Q

Chronotropic

A
  • changing rate of contraction (HR)

- neural and hormonal

147
Q

Inotropic

A
  • changing strength of contraction (SV)

- neural, hormonal and mechanical

148
Q

What nervous system?

lowers HR via vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic NS

149
Q

What nervous system?

increases HR via chain ganglions

A

sympathetic NS

150
Q

What hormones does the PNS release to decrease HR via the vagus nerve?

A

acetylcholine

151
Q

What hormone does the SNS release to increase HR AND increase force of contraction via the cardiac accelerator nerve?

A

norepinephrine

152
Q

Which part of the vasculature establishes ‘bulk flow’ and driving pressure?

A

arteries

153
Q

Which part of the vasculature regulates flow to specific regions?

A

arterioles

154
Q

Which part of the vasculature regulates surface area for exchange?

A

capillaries

155
Q

Which part of the vasculature regulates flow return (muscle pump)?

A

veins/venules

156
Q

What which vasculature is blood flow velocity at the lowest?

A

capillaries

157
Q

As SA increases, blood flow velocity________

A

decreases

158
Q

“dynamics of blood circulation”

A

hemodynamics

- flow, pressure, resistance

159
Q

True or false:

Flow is proportional to pressure between end of a tube

A

true

160
Q

True or false:

Flow is proportional to the resistance of tube

A

FALSE

  • flow is inversely proportional
  • as resistance increases, flow decreases
161
Q

Formula to calculate flow

A

Flow = pressure/resistance

162
Q

How to calculate resistance

A

Resistance = viscosity x length/radius^4

163
Q

If vessel radius doubles, them flow increases by_______

A

a 16 fold

164
Q

How much does cardiac output increase from rest to exercise?

A

5x

165
Q

How much does cardiac output increase in skeletal muscle from rest to exercise?

A

20x

166
Q

What % of Q is going to skeletal muscle during rest & exercise?

A 
Rest= 20%
Exercise= 80%
167
Q

What % of Q is going to the splanchnic + renal area during rest & exercise?

A 
Rest= 40%
Exercise= 5%
168
Q

What % of Q is going to the heart during rest & exercise?

A 
Rest= 4%
Exercise= 4%
169
Q

Metarterioles

A

main pathway into the capillary beds from the arterioles

170
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

constrict or relax

171
Q

Average speed of RBC through capillaries during exercise_____

A

doubles

172
Q

During exercise, transit time reduces by______

A

half (0.8 sec—–> 0.4 sec)

Kin 2CC3 (1 decks)

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