MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
What is the tendency for one to think they are better than they actually are?
Self-serving bias.
Self-serving attributions, being better than average, unrealistic optimism, false consensus and uniqueness are the 4 manifestations of what bias?
Self-serving bias.
What is the name of the bias where you attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to outside forces?
Self-serving attributions.
What is it called when you attribute success to ability or effort put in by yourself?
Successful self-attribution.
What is it called to attribute negative outcomes as “bad luck”, or things that are “unfair” and out of your control?
Failure self-attribution.
What is the self-serving bias in which you compare yourself to other people, believing you are better than them?
The above than/better than average effect.
“I drive better than most people” is an example of what self-serving bias?
The above/better than average effect.
What is the biased belief that we will always be successful in the future and less likely to have a negative future?
Unrealistic optimism.
What is an example of unrealistic optimism?
A student assumes they will have a great job with a good salary in the future, rather than becoming an alcoholic and being in debt.
Parents assume their child will not become a drug addict.
Overestimating the degree to which people actually agree with our personal opinions refers to which effect?
The false consensus effect.
Underestimating how similar you are to other people by thinking you are more unique than them refers to which effect?
The false uniqueness effect.
Why do we see bad behaviour as common?
We assume other people are doing it too due to the false consensus effect.
What did the findings of the Sanitioso, R. B., & Wlodarski, R study confirm?
There is a desired self-perception that influences how we interpret feedback, criticism and choice of social interactions.
Why are we biased towards positive information and able to remember it better than negative information?
It completes the perception of ourselves due to our underlying motivation to see ourselves as better than average.
How was the Self-Esteem Motivation study administered?
People were given a fake personality test. They were told whether they were introverted or extroverted (manipulated data). They were then presented with positives and negatives of these personality types, and were asked to recall what they were.
What bias acts as an anxiety buffer, protects from depression and creates a positive impression?
Self-serving bias.
How does the self-serving bias act as an anxiety buffer?
It allows people to face threats with their anxiety minimized.
How does the self-serving bias protect from depression?
There is an association between depression and low self-esteem and so when self-esteem is high from self-serving bias, then you can’t be depressed.
People are more likely to accept someone that appears successful rather than a failure due to what bias that creates a positive impression?
Self-serving bias.
What are some drawbacks from the self-serving bias?
Can lead to risky behaviours, can actually damage self-esteem (if you fail), among similar things.
What is the self-serving bias that thinks and chooses behaviours that generate a positive impression?
The “I.”
What is the “me”?
The “me” are all of your attributes that cannot be influenced by the “I”. It is your race, ethnicity, demographic, etc.
What is the process of guiding your thoughts, feelings, and behaviours to reach a desired goal?
Self-regulation.
What is the name for ideas that we want to achieve, that represent outcomes that we strive for in order to meet our needs and desires?
Goals.
When do we need to exert more effort to engage in self-regulation?
When the behaviour to reach the goal is not pleasant.
What is it called when you delay the pleasant aspects of achieving a goal in order to continue self-regulation?
Delayed gratification.
Limited resource capacity (expenditure of energy) can affect what?
Self-regulation.
What is the ability to delay gratification, overcome the many temptations, challenges, and obstacles that could stop the pursuit of long-term goals?
Willpower.
When do we have less willpower?
When we are under stress and when it is night time.
What are the findings of the Muraven, M., Rosman, H., & Gagné, M. (2007) study?
Rewards depending on success lead to greater depletion in people.
What is it called when the intended result has the opposite or different result?
Irony.
What is term for when we try to self-regulate our thoughts but actually end up emphasizing them?
The ironic processing theory.
What processing conflicts in the ironic processing theory?
Controlled and automatic processing.
What is the ironic processing theory term for the conscious attempt to suppress an unwanted thought?
The operator.
What is the unconscious process of looking out for the thoughts we are trying to not think of in the ironic processing theory?
The monitor.
What is the goal of ironic processing?
To think of something that is not the thing we do not want to think of.
What is the act of presenting yourself in a way so that people are more inclined to like you?
Self-presentation
What perspective is the idea that your identity is not stable, nor is it independent, but rather, is constantly remade as the person changes “scripts” in life?
Dramaturgical perspective.
What is the term for learning what is okay and not okay from our parents and peers in a specific culture?
Socialization.
When do roles differ?
Roles differ whether we are deliberately or automatically playing out the script.
A controlled attempt at making a particular impression is called what?
A cynical performance.
What is it called when an uncontrolled awareness of playing the into the script because it is so well rehearsed?
A sincere performance.
Affirming your desired self-image, affirming shared culture and motivating growth and development are the 3 broad goals of what concept?
Self-presentation.
What is it called to only speak about good achievements rather than failures in order to make a good impression?
Self-promotion.
When is modesty most effective?
When you want to display empathy.
What is it called to purposefully purchase expensive things and display them in order to impress others?
Conspicuous consumption.
Props, intimidation and lying are three ways one may choose to what?
Self-promote.
Self-handicapping becomes necessary when what?
When self-promotion no longer is an accurate representation of the self.
Your basic personality or nature, especially considered in terms of what you are really like as a person is called what?
The self.
What is it called when you make life difficult for yourself on purpose, so that when it actually gets difficult your self-esteem is protected. i.e Failing by choice to prevent failure by accident?
Self-handicapping.
What happens when someone purposely creates a barrier to succeed?
They are more likely to blame their failure on the barrier rather than themselves.
Denying interest in success by procrastinating, avoiding, putting in less effort is a common strategy to what?
Self-handicapping.
What is the name for techniques that increase desirability– such as giving compliments, white lies, pretending to have similar interests, etc?
Ingratiation.
What is it called to show different parts of the self in different contexts and keeping them separate?
Audience segregation.
The act by which someone worries about their self-presentation in different contexts is referred to as what?
Self-monitoring.
What do psychologists call people who are more easily able to adjust their self-presentations based on their audience?
Social chameleons.
High self-monitors are good at what?
Cynical performances
Low self-monitors good at what?
Being themselves/sincere performances
What is it called when you think others are focused on you more than they actually are?
The spotlight effect.
The spotlight effect is a form of what bias?
Egocentric bias
What are the findings of the The Spotlight Effect Study by Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2002)?
There is an Egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one’s own actions and appearance.
What are the two errors in self-presentation?
The spotlight effect and the illusion of transparency.
What is the tendency to overestimate how much people actually know about our thoughts and feelings. i.e I’m nervous, can they tell?
Illusion of transparency.
What is the phenomenon whereby an individual alters his or her beliefs, attitudes or behaviour to being them in accordance with those of the majority?
Conformity.
