Midterm 1b Flashcards
How many stores are there for O2
1
How many stores are there of CO2
3
What are the 3 stores of CO2
We store more CO2 on Hb
What is trans diaphragmatic pressure (Pdi)
Pdi = Pab - Pes
Abdominal pressure - esophageal pressure
Carbon dioxide 3 stores
HCO3- = 70%
Hb CO2 = 23%
Dissolved =7%
Pneumotaxic area
Switching off inspiration
Decreasing tidal volume
Apneustic area
Switching on or beginning inspiration
Apneustic area
Switching on or beginning inspiration
Respiratory centre or rhythmicity area
2 regions
Dorsal for inspiration
Ventral for expiration
What is eupnic breathing
Normal quiet breathing 12 B/min
What is FRC
Not a defined value
Forces of rib cage to pop open are equal and opposite to that of forces of the lungs to go inward
Happens at the end of full breath so no forces acting on it
Passive volume of lipung and ribcage
What is the duty cycle
TI/TI+TE = TI/TTot
Only 30-40% muscle contraction is occurring of inspiration muscles and is at rest the other 60% as we need relaxation for blood flow to allow oxygen uptake, metabolizing, and remove waste
Central chemoreceptors only respond to
CO2 blood levels
What time scale are chemoreceptors working at
Minute time scale
What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to
O2 CO2 H+ and blood
What is the time scale for peripheral chemoreceptors
Breath by breath
Cerebral spinal fluid
No RBC
low protein conc
Big buffer
Slightly acidic
Lots of CA
CO2+ h2o = H+ + HCO3-
Gloms cells type I
Close to PN
Lots of dopamine
Integrator of all info telling it to PN to determine firing rate
Gloms cells type I
Close to PN
Lots of dopamine
Integrator of all info telling it to PN to determine firing rate
Gloms cells type II
Very rich blood supply
A-V O2 difference is none
Monitors blood O2 levels then signals to TI which integrates and sends it to the PN
Rapid response to changes in O2
Cells of peripheral chemoreceptors
Responds to all levels of oxygen but mainly responds to profound hypoxia
HbA2
2-3% of total adult Hb
Adult Hb
Unknown function
Alpha, delta subunits
Wakeful drive
Intrinsic ventilators drive
Occurs at very low CO2 levels
Ventilation independent of CO2 levels
Hemoglobin p50
Po2 at which you have 50% saturation of Hb
Constantly changing due to CO2/H+/temp
Describes o2 dissociation curve
Increase p50=decrease o2 affinity for Hb
Duty cycle
Time inspiration / time inspiration- expiration
Related to respiration
Usually range 30-40%
J receptors
Juxtapulmonary receptors
Sense pulmonary deems
Negative feedback to decrease exercise
Located in the alveolar interstitium near capillaries
Act to decrease respiratory and limb muscle activity
Dead space
Air in trachea
Does not get involved in gas exchange
Generally same as atmosphere air
Neuromuscular transmission failure
Failure of or shortage of neurotransmitter signals to tell diaphragm to breathe
Only in vitro studies
Rarely or never occurs in live human subjects
High frequency fatigue
Fatigue due to ion imbalance
Reversible in an hour
Reduces force production in diaphragm for a short period of time
Z-line streaming
In normal muscle = straight or vertical
In damaged we see discontinuation
them pulled in one direction
Evidence of fatigue or injury
Ultra structural
What is the function of ck in a cell
Transfer the high energy phosphate from atp to creative or ohosphocreatine to add for easier transport
Type I phnumocytes
Thin for gas exchange
Easily damaged
Unable to replicate
Type II phnumocytes
Large
Can replicate its self and type I
Far from capillaries
Produces surfactant
Ficks law
Vgas is proportional to a/t x D x (P1 - P2)
Hyperoxia
Increase o2
Hypoxia
Low levels of in o2
Function of c-fibres
Constricting airway and mucus secretion
