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Plant Systematics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

0
Q

What groups are included in the “green plant” branch(5)

A

red, brown, ‘green’ algae, fungi, land plants

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1
Q

What is a plant in a historic POV? Botany? (4 characteristics)

A

History: photosynthesis, cell wall, spores, sedentary lifestyle
Botany: includes people who study fungi(not photosynthetic)

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2
Q

Plant Systematics

A

an evolutionary definition of plants

- focus on a single branch of evolutionary tree of life

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3
Q

3 Characteristics green plants share

A
  1. Photosynthetic pigments chlorophyl a/b
  2. Storage of carbs (starch)
  3. 2 anterior whiplash flagella at some point(sometimes lost)
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4
Q

What Green Algae group is the most closely related to the Land Plants?

A

Charophytes

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5
Q

Land plants have…(4)

A
  1. thick-walled Spores
  2. Cuticle (over epidermis layers)
  3. multicellular structures (protect gametes)
  4. Protected embryo
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6
Q

which gametes does the Archegonium/ Antheridium protect?

A

Archegonium - Egg

Antheridium- Sperm

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7
Q

3 groups of land plants.

Which are bryophytes?

A

liverworts
hornworts
mosses (bryophytes)

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8
Q

Tracheophytes are the ___ plants

A

vascular

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9
Q

what is the largest group of Green plants?

what kind of plants is it made of mostly?

A

Tracheophytes

- mostly angiosperms (flowering plants)

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10
Q

What is meant by “systematics”? defn and 3 points (3 D’s)

A

the science of organismal diversity

  • Discover all branches of evolution tree of life
  • Document changes that occur in branches
  • Describe all species (at tips of branches)
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11
Q

Systematics is not just a descriptive science, it aims to reconstruct history of ….(2 things)

A
  • history of separation of lineages
  • history of their modifications
    (by continually putting forward hypothesis and testing them)
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12
Q

A phylogenetic approach means that taxa must be _____.

What does that mean/ what is that also referred to as?

A

monophyletic - ALL the descendants of a Common ancestor

Clade

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13
Q

A Cladogram is a hypothesis of.. (2)

A
  • Which taxa shared a common ancestor

- how recent that ancestor was shared

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14
Q

on a tree diagram, Nodes show what?

A

divergence of groups from a common ancestor

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15
Q

What is a synonym of a Clade

A

Monophyletic Taxon

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16
Q

Paraphyletic Group (defn)

A

a common ancestor and Some of it’s decendents

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17
Q

What is the study of overall similarity

A

Phenetics

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18
Q

4 things Taxonomy includes (DINC) and how is each done

A

(DINC)

  • Description: characters(color) /character States(orange)
  • Identification: using dichotomous keys
  • Nomenclature: binomial system by Linnaeus
  • Classification: arrangement of taxa into an order, based on phylogenetic relationships
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19
Q

What is the basic unit of classification in the binomial nomenclature system and who created it?

A

Species. Linnaeus

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20
Q

Cladogenesis VS Anagenesis in phylogenies

A

Anagenesis - descent with modification (mutations)

Cladogenesis - separation of lineages (speciation)

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21
Q

Synapomorphies (phylogenic reconstruction) defn

A

Shared derived Homologous traits and are considered when designating clades (AAAA>AATA)

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22
Q

Apomorphies VS Plesiomophies

A
  • Apomorphies: derived(new) characteristics

- Plesiomophies: ancestral characteristics

23
Q

Synapomorphies VS Symplesiomorphies

A

Synapomorphies- character states from the ancestor of the group that is in all it’s members

Symplesiomorphies- shared ancestral states(can be misleading)

24
Venn diagram shows - Unrooted Network shows - Matrix shows -
V - shows nested groups Un-net - shows changes but not nesting Mtx - shows all of the raw data
25
What represents ambiguity in relationships
Polytomies
26
Systematist use ____ to determine where the root should be placed
outgroups
27
Complications in Tree Reconstruction similarity that is not caused by shared evolutionary history is called...
Homoplasy
28
Complications in Tree Reconstruction the independent appearances of similar character States in unrelated organisms is____. What's an example?
Parallelism | - birds and insects fly
29
Complications in Tree Reconstruction When a derived character state changes back to the ancestral character state is___. What's an example?
Reversal - conifers and grasses lack petals - fish and whales live in the ocean
30
Method of choosing hypothesis that states "do not generate a hypothesis more complex than demanded by the data"
Occam's Razor
31
principle of simplicity; leads to choice of simpler network is___
Parsimony
32
Occam's Razor is = to which method of choosing hypothesis?
Parsimony
33
Method that uses theories of likelihood of change of character states (more likely changes)
Maximum Likelihood Method
34
What is a solution to choosing a tree when multiple ones have been found? Why?
Consensus Tree - allows focus to be on relationships with Consistent support
35
What is CI (Consistency Index) and how is it determined
- measure of homoplasy in the entire tree | - minimum amount of Possible evolutionary change, divided by the Actual tree Length (actual # of hypothesized change)
36
What is a problem with CI?
> Autapomorphies - character that changes once in one taxon tells nothing about relationships but can increase the CI
37
How is RI (Retention Index) solved
max length - actual length / max length - min length
38
what is the most popular strategy to single-out well supported clades (monophyletic groups)
the Bootstrap Analysis
39
How Bootstrap Analysis works
randomizes characters with respect to taxa
40
In Majority rule consensus, only clades present in ____% of the bootstrap trees are shown
>50%
41
Contrasts are...
weighted differences between character States of Sister taxa
42
Classifications based on monophyletic groups should be...
more predictive than those based on artificial criteria
43
Constructing a classification involves 2 steps
1. delimitation and naming and groups (named groups must be monophyletic) 2. Ranking the groups and placing them in hierarchy (remains problematic)
44
When grouping, give names only to groups that are ____
monophyletic (paraphyletic doesn't include All decedents ex. Bryophytes)
45
What is the Major(1st) Criterion of how plant systematists decide which monophyletic group to name?
Strength of the evidence supporting the group (names are most useful if they can be Defined/easily distinguishable compared to other clades)
46
What is the 2nd Criterion of how plant systematists decide which monophyletic group to name?
the presence of an obvious morphological character. For Identification purposes
47
What is the 3rd Criterion of how plant systematists decide which monophyletic group to name?
the Size of the group. (dividing a large group into a smaller group is one way to organize)
48
What is the 4th Criterion of how plant systematists decide which monophyletic group to name?
nomenclature Stability. | - groups that have been named can/should continue to be named
49
Is ranking absolute or arbitrary?
Arbitrary - have only relative meaning, no criteria to decided what should be what
50
Biological species concept VS Evolutionary species concept (centers on...)
Bio - centers on reproductive isolation | Evo - centers on recognition of evolutionary lineages
51
Phylogenetic species Concepts: phylogenetic methods assume that there is no reticulation(pattern). Thus, look for...
the Smallest aggregation of sexual/asexual individuals with Unique combination of Character States
52
4 difficult species cases
Y
53
homology
similarities caused by ancestry (bat wing & human hand)
54
homoplasy
similarities Not caused by shared ancestor

Plant Systematics (2 decks)

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