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Fish Management > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three factors that fisheries management is composed of?

A

Fish, managers, fisheries science

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2
Q

The fish in a fisheries must include what?

A
  • aquatic plants
  • all the invertebrates harvested
  • marine mammals
  • non-target species (by-catch)
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3
Q

name some factors that contribute to different management approaches?

A
  • are the fish territorial and only exist in discrete patches?
  • do the fish exist in patches, but interact with other patches?
  • are the fish pelagic and have a more uniform distribution?
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4
Q

define a stock or population

A

an interbreeding group of organism that do not interact extensively with other populations of the same species

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5
Q

because stocks and species cannot be manage in isolation, what approach must be applied to fish management?

A

multispecies. target many diff. spp. or the many spp. that are taken as bycatch in a fishery and often discarded at sea

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6
Q

who actually manages the fishery, who do they answer to?

A
  • federal minister of fish and ocean
  • senior bureaucrats (deputy ministers)
  • stakeholders in fisheries
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7
Q

who are stockholders?

A
  • commercial fishers
  • aboriginal fishers
  • recreational fishers
  • eco-tourism operators
  • ENGOs
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8
Q

What political group belongs to sport fishers?

A

Sport Fishing Advisory Board- advises DFO of concerns of the recreational fishers

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9
Q

MCC

A 
marine conservation caucus
-Canadian parks and wilderness society
-david Suzuki foundation
-living oceans society
-pacific stream keepers federation
-raincoast conservation foundation
-Skeena wild conservation trust
-steelhead society of Canada
-watershed watch salmon society
world wildlife fund of canada
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10
Q

Huxley and Lankester

A

Huxley: argued that the regulations posed on British fisheries had no scientific basis, and that the great fercundity of fishes implied inexhaustible fisheries
Lankester: the many young produced are not superfluous, but had a definite place in the complex interactions of the living beings in the area

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11
Q

what was the result of the Huxley/Lankester debate?

A

ICES: international council for the exploration of the sea. 1902

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12
Q

what two sources do fisheries data come from? what are they? which is most dependable?

A
  • fisheries dependant: least dependable, due to fishing power between vessels, gear types, skippers, tech creep, movement of fish, iuu fishing
  • fisheries independent: most reliable, most expensive, collected by scientist and technicians.
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13
Q

what are the four areas of information that are needed to manage fish stocks?

A
  • abundance
  • recruitment
  • mortality
  • growth rates
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14
Q

what did FAO produce in the 1950’s

A

Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics

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15
Q

How much fish does Canada reportedly produce per year in the marine fisheries?

A

slightly more than one million metric tonnes of fisheries products

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16
Q

Name how much Canada produces for:

  • Marine fishes
  • Marine Crustaceans
A
  • Marine fishes: 450,000 metric tonnes

- Marine Crust: 330,000 metric tonnes

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17
Q

what accounts for Canada’s marine mammal harvest?

A

harbor seals from newfoundland spring eal hunt

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18
Q

what species is mostly Canada’s crustacean harvest?

A

queen/snow crab and lobsters. (east coast) and northern prawns (east coast)

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19
Q

most important Canadian species harvested by hand?

by dredge?

A

hand: surf clam
dredge: American scallops

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20
Q

what are the two most important groups of fish harvested in Canada?

A
  • herring/anchovies

- cod/hake/haddock

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21
Q

what are the most important fisheries in Canada in terms of volume?

A

ground fish

  • flatfish
  • gadoid fish (most important)
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22
Q

Alaskan Pollock fishery is the __________ largest in the world

A

second.

2,650,000 metric tonnes

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23
Q

high value ground fish include

A
  • atl halibut
  • Greenland halibut
  • pacific halibut
  • taken in deep water trawls, fixed gear (longlines)
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24
Q

why are pacific halibut the center of a controversy?

A

DFO allocated 88% of the Canadian TAC to commercial fishermen, and 12% to recreational anglers. Now the recreational exceed the 12% and want more of their fish. Sport fishermen argue that fish are common property and have no right giving their fish to commercial fishermen.

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25
Q

Current world catch is approximately how much?

How big is that visually?

A

100,000,000 metric tonnes

-10km football fields cubed

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26
Q

World seafood production is how much?

A

150,000,000 metric tonnes

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27
Q

Asia has the largest production for a continental area at how many metric tonnes? what predominant groups?

A

70-80 million metric tonnes

marine plants, marine fishes, mollusks

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28
Q

The Americas are the second largest fish producers with how many millions of metric tonnes a year? What are their predominant groups?

A

20-25

crustaceans, marine fishes, mollusks

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29
Q

What is the third largest continental production of fish? how many?

A

European, 12-15 million metric tonnes

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30
Q

Where does Canada rank in the global production when aquaculture is included?

A

18-20th

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31
Q

Canada ranked at what number globally when considering dollar value of exports?

A

6th, with $4.2 billion dollars

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32
Q

Top 5 countries harvesting fish

A 
China 30-35million metric tonnes
Peru
Indo
Japan
Chile
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33
Q

Scientific Name for Peruvian Anchovetta

A

Engraulis ringens

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34
Q

What are the five largest commercial fisheries in the world?

A
  • Peruvian Anchovetta
  • Alaskan Walleye Pollock
  • Atlantic Herring
  • Skipjack Tuna
  • Chub Mackerel
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35
Q

In what sort of environment to Peruvian Anchovetta exist? Why is this so important?

A

They occur of the coast of Peru in an area of intense upwelling which brings nutrient rich deep water to the surface creating an incredibly productive fishing ground.

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36
Q

How are Peruvian Anchovetta fished?

A

Using purse seines.

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37
Q

Why are Peruvian Anchovetta important commercially?

A

Peru is the single largest supplier of fish meal to the agriculture industry

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38
Q

Scientific name for Alaskan Walleye Pollock

A

Theragera chalcogramma

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39
Q

Where do Alaskan Pollock primarily occur, what are their size parameters

A
  • Inshore waters, diurnall migraton, continental shelf to continental slope @ ~300m
  • max 91cm, 4kg, 15years. mature at 35cm&3yrs
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40
Q

what kind of spawners are Pollock? Feeders?

A

batch

opportunistic (planktonic crustaceans)

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41
Q

Current use of Pollock?

A

Surimi or artificial crab meat

roe to japan66

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42
Q

main countries harvesting pollock

A 
china
japan
korea
Poland
Russia
usa
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43
Q

what is the annual catch of Pollock, where are they caught, what is their by-catch like

A

2.5-3million metric tonnes
mid-water trawls
limited bycatch

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44
Q

what is pollocks recovery like?

A

fairly good, able to recover fairly quickly. not considered over-exploited

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45
Q

What is the global annual harvest for Atlantic Herring?

A

2.5 million metric tonnes

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46
Q

Where/how are herring caught?

A

seine and trawl offshore and in weirs and gill nets inshore

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47
Q

what are herring used for commercially?

A

roe production, bait, human consumption, fish meal

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48
Q

What is the largest herring caught?

A

45cm, 1kg, 22 years
maturity at 17-20cm.
average size is 30cm

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49
Q

when do herring spawn?

A

both spring and fall spawners. deposit adhesive eggs on the ocean bottom substrate in up to 50m of water, different from Pacific herring

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50
Q

What do herring primarily eat?

A

Plankton, Copepoda, chaetognaths

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51
Q

How are herein stocks managed?

A

The eastern and western sides of the Atlantic appear to be separate, so are managed separately

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52
Q

How much herring does Canada harvest?

A

Around 140k mt

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53
Q

What country is the largest harvester for herring?

A

Norway. >million

54
Q

Scientific name for skipjack tuna

A

Katsuwonus pelamis

55
Q

Skipjack is the worlds -— largest fishery

A

Fourth

56
Q

Skipjack average size and weight

A

70-80kg

57
Q

Where do skipjack live int the ocean, what do they eat?

A

Opportunistic feeders that live in the upper water column and feed on fish, squid, crustaceans

58
Q

When is the spawning season for skipjack?

A

Year round, batch spawners

59
Q

Name 2 management organizations for skipjack

A

Western and central pacific fisheries comission
Intl commission for the conservation of atl tunas
Inter American tropical tuna commission
Indian Ocean tuna
commission

60
Q

What is the purpose if the tuna management commissions?

A

Stock assessments
Recommendations
Allocations

61
Q

Six largest tuna catching nations?

A

Indo, Philippines, Korea, New Guinea, Taiwan, Ecuador

62
Q

What act was instituted for the pritection of dolphins from tuna fishing methods?

A

Marine mammals act

63
Q

What is he fifth largest fishery in the world?

A

Chub mackerel

64
Q

Average size of chub mackerel, where are they found in the ocean?

A

0.5kg. 30cm, coastal pelagic

65
Q

At what age do c.mackerel mature?

A

1 year

66
Q

What kin of spawners are c.mackerel?

A

Batch

67
Q

What do c.mackerel prey on?

A

Macro zooplankton and small fish and squid.

68
Q

C.mackerel can be found in mixed species schools with what sort if fish?

A

Bonitos, jack mackerels, sardines

69
Q

What is the commercial importance of c.mackerel?

A

Human food, fish meal, oil, bait

70
Q

What is the worlds sixth largest fishery?

A

Chilean jack mackerel

71
Q

What countries fish the most for c.j. Mack?

A

Chile, Peru, china

72
Q

Are the Cj Mack’s managed?

A

Not on the high seas, but management organizations have started to think about it

73
Q

what do herring primarily eat?

A

plankton, copepods, chatognaths

74
Q

how are the herring stocks managed?

A

the eastern and western sides of the Atlantic appear to be separate and are managed separately.

75
Q

how much herring does Canada harvest?

A

~140k mt

76
Q

What country is the largest harvester for herring?

A

Norway. >1million

77
Q

Scientific name for skipjack tuna

A

Katsuwonus pelamis

78
Q

skipjack is the world’s ________ largest fishery

A

fourth

79
Q

skipjack average size and weight

A

~max at ~110cm, 35kg

average ~70-80, mature at ~40cm

80
Q

where do skipjack live in the ocean, what type of feeders, on what

A

live in the upper water column, feed opportunistically on fish, squid, crustaceans

81
Q

when is the spawning season for skipjack?

A

year round. batch spawners

82
Q

Name 2 management organizations for skipjack

A

Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
Int’l Commission for the Conservation of ATL tunas
Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

83
Q

What is the purpose of the tuna management commissions?

A
  • stock assessments
  • recommendations
  • allocation
84
Q

Six largest skipjack catchers?

A
  • indo
  • philipines
  • korea
  • new guinea
  • Taiwan
  • equador
85
Q

what act was instituted for the protection of dolphins by tuna-fishing methods?

A

Marine Mammals Act

86
Q

What is the fifth largest fishery?

A

Chub mackerel

87
Q

where do c. macks live? what kind of spawners?

A

they are coastal pelagic, batch spawners

88
Q

c. macks live in mixed species schools, with which other species?

A

bonitos, sardines, jack macks

89
Q

what is the commercial value of cmacks?

A

human food, fish meal, oil, bait

90
Q

which countries catch the most cmacks?

A

china, japan

91
Q

what is the sixth largest fishery?

A

Chilean jack macks

92
Q

when did the cj mack fishery develop?

A

1970s

93
Q

how are cj macks fished?

A

purse seines, mid water trawl

94
Q

what is the cj mack management like?

A

not managed on the high seas, but peru, chile, new Zealand, and Australia manage them within the EEZs

95
Q

what is the commercial value of cj macks?

A

human food, fish meal, marine oil (mostly fish meal)

96
Q

Name the category designation for the following fisheries (fish licenses):

  • Salmon (gillnet, troll, seine)
  • Salmon (Northenr Native Fishing Corporation Licenses)
  • Salmon (first nations communal license)
  • Roe Herring Gill net
  • Roe Herring Gill Net (First Nations)
  • Halibut long line
  • Halibut long line (first nations)
A
  • Salmon (gillnet etc.) : A
  • Salmon (Northern native etc.): N
  • Salmon (first Nations): FG, FT, FS
  • Roe Herring Gill: HG
  • Roe herring Gill (first N): FH
  • Hali Long line: L
  • Hali Long line (first N): FL
97
Q

Name the category designation for the following fisheries (fish licenses):

  • Geoduck
  • Sablefish
  • Shrimp trawl
  • Groundfish trawl
A
  • Geoduck: G
  • Sablefish: K
  • Shrimp trawl: S
  • Groundfish trawl: T
98
Q

Describe a communal license for first nations

A

a communal license is issued to individual first nations bands and tribal councils, NOT individuals. The licenses cannot be transferred to individuals outside the first nations or between first nations

99
Q

How were communal licenses acquired?

A

they were acquired by DFO under allocation transfer program.

100
Q

what is the Allocation Transfer Program? *****

A

the objective is to provide first nations with fishing opportunities ahead of treaty settlements and will become a part of the settlement once achieved.

101
Q

NNFC

A

northern native fishing corporation . created in 1982, leases licenses to first nations fishers on an annual basis.

102
Q

ITQ vs IVQ ***

A

Individual transferable quota vs Individual vessel quota

103
Q

pro/cons to ITQ

A

pro: fishers assured access to their ITQ and do not have to compete.
-choose the time they fish
-sell fresh fish instead of frozen
-no market flooding
-safer
con: TAC belongs to Canadian, not fishers
-no requirement that ITQ fishers fish their quota
(sell, fish, lease)
-does not guarantee x lb of fish
-companies can hold a monopoly
-causes highgrading

104
Q

what type of fish would be an ITQ species?

A 
Geoduck
Sablefish
Halibut
Sea Urchin
Sea Cucumber
Groundfish trawl
some salmon
groundfish longline
roe on kelp
herring food and bait
105
Q

what type of fish would be an IVQ species?

A 
Most salmon
herring (roe)
shrimp trap
schedule II fish
crab
euphasid
rock fish
106
Q

What are some factors you would keeping in mind when comparing the fisheries data between countries such as the USA and Vanuatu?

A

Levels of sophistication.

  • number of staff
  • levels of education
  • ability to collect fisheries dependant and independent data
  • complexity of computer networks
  • money available to manage fisheries
107
Q

Name the big two data bases for fisheries information

A

FAO (Food and agriculture organizations)

FishBase

108
Q

what is the role of fisheries science?

A

provide advice to fisheries managers on the status of socks and allow decisions to be made on the options available to maintain fish populations in a productive state

109
Q

Name some problems that occur with fisheries models

A
  • processing errors
  • measurement errors
  • model uncertainty
  • questionable assumptions
110
Q

Define Processing Errors (fish model problems)

A

lack of understanding of biological processes controlling the dynamics of fish populations

111
Q

Name some Measurement Errors (fish model problems)

A
  • weight of fish on a rocky boat
  • samples taken in an experimental trawl are actually different age of those caught in proportion to their abundance in the general population?
112
Q

what is a good approach to reduce model uncertainty?

A

use different models with different approaches and assumptions to make predictions that can be compared.

113
Q

what is one of the most seriously questionable assumptions in population dynamics?

A

equilibrium

114
Q

Define ‘abundance’ as used in a fisheries model

A

some measure of the number of fish in a particular stock, species, or community. Can be the absolute number of fish or more often a relative number.

115
Q

Define ‘Mortality Rate’ as used in a fisheries model **

A

the rate at which fish are lost from the population due to death and has two aspects with several means or units of expression.

116
Q

what is the difference between fishing mortality and natural mortality?

A

fishing mortality= caused by a fishery and is usually given the symbol F (Instantaneous fishing mortality rate)
Natural mortality= due to natural causes including senescence, disease, predation, starvation, or any death caused in an unfished population

117
Q

Recruitment or Natality Rate ***** define it. good thing to know.

A

Natality=the rate at which individuals are born into the population and usually would coincide with the time of spawning or yolk sac absorption.
Recruitment=the rate at which fish are entering the fishery and coincides with the time fish have grown to a size that makes them vulnerable to a particular fishing gear. ie: gill net/trawl mesh size

118
Q

Growth Rate: define

Wy is this important for fish models?

A

the rate at which fish increase their size and can be expressed in several ways.
-it is necessary to know how large fish are at any particular time to be able to predict the biomass that is available for harvest

119
Q

the difference between absolute abundance and relative abundance

A

absolute: the actual number of fish in a population or a particular age class at a particular time
relative: a statistic that reflects the changes in a number of fish without an exact count

120
Q

give an example of a fish and a time when absolute abundance estimates can be made

A

salmon runs up the river, can be counted.

121
Q

Name the five ways of conducting Direct Population Estimates for Anadromous and Sessile Species

A
  • Run tracking at sea along migration routes, use sonar
  • In River Hydro acoustic estimates (DIDSON)
  • Counting fences/fish ladders
  • In river surveys (pole counts, scuba surveys, aerial)
  • Dead pitches
122
Q

what is DIDSON and what does it stand for?*****

A

dual frequency identification sonar. it actually counts fish passing a point in the river to give an absolute abundance estimate

123
Q

name the two methods of population estimate for sessile species

A

quadrat

transect

124
Q

aside from giving an estimate of the number of animals, mark and recapture methods can provide what other information for managing a fisheries population?

A 
mortality rates
population's geographical range
growth rates of individuals
rate of recruitment
ageing of fish and shellfish
125
Q

Name some advantages and disadvantages to external tags

A

advantages:
-cheap, can be individually marked/numbered
-rapid application w/o anesthesia
-can be used on a wide range of fish sizes
-easily recognized on fish even in the water
-good tag retention depending on the fish species
disadvantages:
-can be hard on small fish
-some species lose tags due to aggression/nipping
-may affect survival if improperly attached
-unreadable w age, sun exposure, abraision
-can affect catchability of fish due to tangling ini gear

126
Q

name some advantages/disadvantages to internal body cavity tags

A

advantages:
-excellent retention
-little effect on fish health if properly administered
-tag written information does not fade or wear off
-can be made metallic or magnetic to permit easy recovery
disadvantages:
-fish are usually anaesthetized
-more complex tagging operation than external tags
-tags cannot be seen on fish in the water
-fishermen may not find the tag when cleaning fish

127
Q

advantages/disadvantages to

calcein scale tagging

A

advantages:
-good for marking small fish
-simple to mark large numbers of fish in a short time
-mark is permanent and can be recovered non lethally
disadvantages:
-cannot be seen on fish while in the water
-requires specialized fluorescent lights for detection
-marks may become obscured when fish grow to a large size

128
Q

mark recapture equation:
N=mc/r
define the values

A

N= population abundance
m=the number of marked fish released
c=the number of fish caught in the second sample
r= the number of fish recaptured

129
Q

name the four different approaches to the sampling and re-sampling protocols for mark/recapture

A
  • Direct Census (size of sample determined in advance of the field work)
  • Inverse Census (number of recaptures is determined in advance)
  • Modified inverse sampling
  • Sequential sampling
130
Q

Name the six assumptions of Mark Recapture experiments

A
  • marked and unmarked fish have the same mortality rate
  • the marked and unmarked fish are equally catchable
  • marked fish do not lose their tags
  • marked and unmarked fish fix randomly in the population
  • there is no recruitment immigration or emigration between samples (closed population)
  • all tags are reported
131
Q

what is the difference between Peterson Estimate and Multiple Mark Recapture experiments?

A

Peterson: one re-sampling event, with all 6 assumptions for Mark Recapture properly assumed.
Multiple Mark Recapture: fish are re-sampled many times, with new fish marked each subsequent sample, and allows relaxation of assumptions about recruitment.

Fish Management (3 decks)

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