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Critical Thinking 1 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

0
Q 
"Denying the Consequent"
* If p, then q.
* Not q.
* Therefore, not p.
Valid
A

Modus Tollens

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1
Q 
"Affirming the antecedent"
* If p, then q.
* p.
* Therefore, q.
Valid
A

Modus Ponens

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3
Q
  • an argument with three lines– two of them premises, one of them the conclusion.
  • If p, then q.
  • If q, then r.
  • Therefore, if p, then r.
    Valid
A

Hypothetical Syllogism

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4
Q
  • Either p or q.
  • Not p.
  • Therefore, q.
    or
  • Either p or q.
  • Not q.
  • Therefore, p.
    Valid
A

Disjunctive Syllogism

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5
Q

*FORMAL FALLACY
* If p,then q.
* Not p
* Therefore, not q.
INVALID

A

Denying the Antecedent

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6
Q
  • FORMAL FALLACY
  • If p, then q.
  • q.
  • Therefore, p.
    INVALID
A

Affirming the Consequent

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7
Q
  • Argument intended to give conclusive proof
  • Valid if the form of the argument makes it impossible for the premises to be true while the conclusion is false
  • Invalid if the conclusion could be false while the premises are true
  • Soundness based on the truth of the premises
A

Deductive Argument

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8
Q
  • Give a conclusion that is probable from its premises
  • Strong or Weak
  • Cogent if the premises and conclusion are true
A

Inductive Argument

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9
Q

The tendency to emphasize evidence that agrees with what we think already

A

Confirmation Bias

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10
Q
  • Errors in reasoning that cause one to come to untrue or uncritical conclusions
  • Often they have appeal
A

Informal Fallacies

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11
Q
  • Qualities of Expertise:
  • Education and Training
  • Experience in the field
  • Consensus in the field
  • Reputation in the field
  • Professional Accomplishments
A

Appeal to Authority

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12
Q
  • The assumption that previous outcomes of random events have an effect on subsequent events
A

Gambler’s Fallacy

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13
Q
  • Making a generalization from limited or psychologically accessible information
  • Unrepresentative Sample
A

Hasty Generalization

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14
Q
  • Preferring information that is accessible or immediate over factual information
A

Availability Error

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15
Q
  • Arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its origin
A

Genetic Fallacy

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16
Q
  • Infer that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some (or even every) part of the whole
A

Composition

17
Q
  • The opposite of composition

* The assumption that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts

A

Division

18
Q
  • involve merely insulting one’s opponent, but can also involve pointing out factual but damning character flaws or actions
A

Abusive Ad Hominem (Appeal to the Person)

19
Q
  • Pointing out that someone is in circumstances such that he is disposed to take a particular position
A

Circumstantial Ad Hominem

20
Q
  • Charging hypocrisy to avoid making an argument or taking up someone else’s argument
A

Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

21
Q
  • A key term or phrase in an argument is used one way in one portion of the argument and then another way in another portion of the argument.
A

Equivocation

22
Q
  • Arguing that a claim must be true because of a number of people believe it
A

Appeal to Popularity

23
Q
  • Someone proclaims his or her accuracy by noting that “this is how it’s always been done.”
A

Appeal to Tradition

24
Q
  • Argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it. This fallacy wrongly shifts the burden of proof away from the one making the claim
A

Appeal to Ignorance

25
Q
  • The arguer attempts to make their point using emotions rather than an argument
A

Appeal to Emotion

26
Q
  • Deliberately raising points that have nothing to do with the argument in an attempt to confuse or muddy the argument
A

Red Herring

27
Q
  • Picking apart a weak or distorted version of another’s claim instead of the actual or stronger version
A

Strawman

28
Q
  • Justifying an action because of another person or actor’s wrong doing
A

Two Wrongs Fallacy

29
Q
  • an argument’s premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it.
A

Begging the Question

30
Q
  • Asserting that there are only two options in a situation when there are actually more than two.
  • Often used to force opponent into a corner
A

False Dilemma

31
Q
  • Claiming that, because there is no clear line that there is distinction between things
A

Decision-Point Fallacy

32
Q
  • Someone argues that something is the first step that makes several other steps follow when they don’t actually follow in an attempt to make the argument look foolish.
A

Slippery Slope

33
Q
  • Arguing that because two things are similar in some respects, then they must be similar in all respects
A

Faulty Analogy

Critical Thinking 1 (1 decks)

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